Agent-based modelling and simulation of smart electricity grids and markets – A literature review

The realisation of the smart grids and markets vision constitutes a substantial transition of electricity systems affecting multiple stakeholders and creating various technical, social, economic, political, and environmental challenges. These need to be considered adequately in decision support tools for agents in electricity systems. Agent-based modelling and simulation as a flexible and rich modelling framework can serve as a testbed for analysing new paradigms in the field of smart grids, such as demand response, distributed generation, distribution grid modelling, and efficient market integration. While so far wholesale electricity markets have been the focus of agent-based modelling and simulation, this paper provides a detailed review of literature using such techniques for analysing smart grids from a systems perspective. For that purpose, a general classification of applying agent-based modelling and simulation techniques to electricity systems is provided. The literature review of specifically using agent-based modelling and simulation for analysing smart grids shows that, although being still a limited field of research, quite different applications are identified with the number of contributions having increased in recent years. Agent-based modelling and simulation can deliver specific insights in how different agents in a smart grid would interact and which effects would occur on a global level. Thereby, the approach can deliver valuable input for decision processes of stakeholders and policy making. Future research could feature more focused analyses of storage systems, local market concepts, interactions with centralised markets, and the role of intermediaries.

[1]  Zhi Zhou,et al.  Agent-Based Electricity Market Simulation With Demand Response From Commercial Buildings , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[2]  Patrick Jochem,et al.  About business model specifications of a smart charging manager to integrate electric vehicles into the German electricity market , 2014 .

[3]  Enrique Kremers,et al.  A Complex Systems Modelling Approach for Decentralised Simulation of Electrical Microgrids , 2010, 2010 15th IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems.

[4]  Tariq Samad,et al.  SEPIA. A simulator for electric power industry agents , 2000 .

[5]  Joe H. Chow,et al.  Agent-based simulation of electricity markets: a survey of tools , 2007, Artificial Intelligence Review.

[6]  Robert E. Marks,et al.  Analysis and synthesis: multi-agent systems in the social sciences , 2012, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[7]  Ross Baldick,et al.  A strategic review of electricity systems models , 2010 .

[8]  John H. Holland,et al.  Studying Complex Adaptive Systems , 2006, J. Syst. Sci. Complex..

[9]  Katherine N. Irvine,et al.  Understanding energy behaviours and transitions through the lens of a smart grid Agent Based Model , 2011 .

[10]  Alexis Drogoul,et al.  Multi-agent Based Simulation: Where Are the Agents? , 2002, MABS.

[11]  Martin Geier,et al.  Multi-agent modeling and simulation of an Aedes aegypti mosquito population , 2010, Environ. Model. Softw..

[12]  Martin Wietschel,et al.  Grid integration of intermittent renewable energy sources using price-responsive plug-in electric vehicles , 2012 .

[13]  Matteo G. Richiardi,et al.  Agent-based computational economics: a short introduction , 2012, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[14]  L. Tesfatsion,et al.  Dynamic Testing of Wholesale Power Market Designs: An Open-Source Agent-Based Framework , 2007 .

[15]  Nicholas R. Jennings,et al.  Agent-Based Computing , 2002, Intelligent Information Processing.

[16]  Jaap Gordijn,et al.  Agent-Based Electricity Balancing with Distributed Energy Resources,  A Multiperspective Case Study , 2008, Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008).

[17]  Ivo Bouwmans,et al.  Agent-based control of distributed electricity generation with micro combined heat and power - Cross-sectoral learning for process and infrastructure engineers , 2008, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[18]  Reinhard Madlener,et al.  An auction design for local reserve energy markets , 2013, Decis. Support Syst..

[19]  Ivana Kockar,et al.  The economics of distributed energy generation: a literature review , 2015 .

[20]  Alejandro Quintero,et al.  A multi-agent approach for planning activities in decentralized electricity markets , 2007, Knowl. Based Syst..

[21]  Wolfgang Hauser,et al.  Weiterentwicklung eines agentenbasierten Simulationsmodells(AMIRIS) zur Untersuchung des Akteursverhaltens beider Marktintegration von Strom aus Erneuerbaren Energienunter verschiedenen Fördermechanismen - Kurzfassung , 2013 .

[22]  Nicholas R. Jennings,et al.  Intelligent agents: theory and practice , 1995, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[23]  M. Genoese,et al.  Agent-based simulation of electricity markets: a literature review , 2007 .

[24]  John H. Miller,et al.  Complex adaptive systems - an introduction to computational models of social life , 2009, Princeton studies in complexity.

[25]  Lorraine Whitmarsh,et al.  Modelling Socio-Technical Transition Patterns and Pathways , 2008, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[26]  Hugh Rudnick,et al.  Multi-agent Approach to Electrical Distribution Networks Control , 2008, 2008 32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference.

[27]  Wolfgang Ketter,et al.  Power TAC: A competitive economic simulation of the smart grid , 2013 .

[28]  Ned Djilali,et al.  GridLAB-D: An Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Smart Grids , 2014, J. Appl. Math..

[29]  Jing Yu,et al.  Agent-based retail electricity market: modeling and analysis , 2004, Proceedings of 2004 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics (IEEE Cat. No.04EX826).

[30]  Eric Bonabeau,et al.  Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  W. Arthur,et al.  The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II , 1988 .

[32]  Mohammad Ali Rastegar,et al.  Agent-based Modeling and Simulation of Competitive Wholesale Electricity Markets , 2010 .

[33]  Isabel Praça,et al.  Mascem: A Multiagent System That Simulates Competitive Electricity Markets , 2003, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[34]  Salman Kahrobaee,et al.  Multiagent study of smart grid customers with neighborhood electricity trading , 2014 .

[35]  Daniel J. Veit,et al.  A Critical Survey of Agent-Based Wholesale Electricity Market Models , 2008 .

[36]  Nicholas R. Jennings,et al.  Agent-based control systems: Why are they suited to engineering complex systems? , 2003 .

[37]  Marco Janssen,et al.  Towards a Community Framework for Agent-Based Modelling , 2008, J. Artif. Soc. Soc. Simul..

[38]  R. Klein,et al.  Agentenbasierte Simulation zur Analyse und Lösung betriebswirtschaftlicher Entscheidungsprobleme , 2010 .

[39]  Janet Stephenson,et al.  Energy cultures: A framework for understanding energy behaviours , 2010 .

[40]  P Ekins,et al.  Human Choice and Climate Change, Volumes 1-4 - Rayner, S. & Malone, E. Eds., Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio (Review) , 1999 .

[41]  Muaz A. Niazi,et al.  Agent-based computing from multi-agent systems to agent-based models: a visual survey , 2011, Scientometrics.

[42]  Wolfgang Ketter,et al.  Demand side management—A simulation of household behavior under variable prices , 2011 .

[43]  Tao Zhang,et al.  Evaluating Government's Policies on Promoting Smart Metering Diffusion in Retail Electricity Markets via Agent-Based Simulation* , 2011, Journal of Product Innovation Management.

[44]  Enrique Kremers,et al.  Multi-agent modeling for the simulation of a simple smart microgrid , 2013 .

[45]  Zita Vale,et al.  Intelligent Agents for the Simulation of Competitive Electricity Markets , 2004 .

[46]  Ilkka Seilonen,et al.  Agent-based modeling and simulation of a smart grid: A case study of communication effects on frequency control , 2014, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[47]  Johanna M. A. Myrzik,et al.  Agent based management of energy storage devices within a Virtual Energy Storage , 2013, 2013 IEEE Energytech.

[48]  Martin Wietschel,et al.  Simulation of current pricing-tendencies in the German electricity market for private consumption , 2007 .

[49]  M. Ventosa,et al.  Electricity market modeling trends , 2005 .

[50]  Joshua M. Epstein,et al.  Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling (Princeton Studies in Complexity) , 2007 .

[51]  Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron,et al.  Turning green: Agent-based modeling of the adoption of dynamic electricity tariffs , 2014 .

[52]  Adam Hawkes,et al.  Energy systems modeling for twenty-first century energy challenges , 2014 .

[53]  R. Marks Market Design Using Agent-Based Models , 2006 .

[54]  Kristina Nienhaus,et al.  AMIRIS: An Agent-Based Simulation Model for the Analysis of Different Support Schemes and Their Effects on Actors Involved in the Integration of Renewable Energies into Energy Markets , 2012, 2012 23rd International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications.

[55]  Erik R. Larsen,et al.  From planning to strategy in the electricity industry , 2001 .

[56]  Pierre-Olivier Pineau,et al.  Cooperative consumers in a deregulated electricity market - Dynamic consumption strategies and price coordination , 2000 .

[57]  A. Torres,et al.  A multi-agent system providing demand response services from residential consumers , 2015 .

[58]  Mark W. Maier,et al.  Architecting Principles for Systems‐of‐Systems , 1996 .

[59]  Zita Vale,et al.  A new approach for multi-agent coalition formation and management in the scope of electricity markets , 2011 .

[60]  L. Tesfatsion Agent-based computational economics : A constructive approach to economic theory , 2006 .

[61]  Denis Fan,et al.  CASCADE: An Agent Based Framework For Modeling The Dynamics Of Smart Electricity Systems , 2013 .

[62]  David A. Cartes,et al.  Intelligent power management in micro grids with EV penetration , 2013, Expert Syst. Appl..

[63]  Leigh Tesfatsion,et al.  Agent-Based Computational Economics: Growing Economies From the Bottom Up , 2002, Artificial Life.

[64]  Matthias David Galus,et al.  Agent-based modeling and simulation of large scale electric mobility in power systems , 2012 .

[65]  José L. Bernal-Agustín,et al.  Realistic electricity market simulator for energy and economic studies , 2007 .

[66]  Mahesh Sooriyabandara,et al.  System behaviour modelling for demand response provision in a smart grid , 2013 .

[67]  Sarvapali D. Ramchurn,et al.  Agent-based control for decentralised demand side management in the smart grid , 2011, AAMAS.