Biometric Authentication

A new approach to soft biometrics aims to use human labelling as part of the process. This is consistent with analysis of surveillance video where people might be imaged at too low resolution or quality for conventional biometrics to be deployed. In this manner, people use anatomical descriptions of subjects to achieve recognition, rather than the usual measurements of personal characteristics used in biometrics. As such the labels need careful consideration in their construction, and should demonstrate correlation consistent with known human physiology. We describe our original process for generating these labels and analyse relationships between them. This gives insight into the perspicacity of using a human labelling system for biometric purposes.

[1]  Didier Meuwly,et al.  The inference of identity in forensic speaker recognition , 2000, Speech Commun..

[2]  Dimo Dimov,et al.  CBIR over Multiple Projections of 3D Objects , 2009, COST 2101/2102 Conference.

[3]  Arun Ross,et al.  Handbook of Biometrics , 2007 .

[4]  Mohammed Bennamoun,et al.  Linear Regression for Face Recognition , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[5]  Allen Y. Yang,et al.  Robust Face Recognition via Sparse Representation , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[6]  Marco Grangetto,et al.  Gait characterization using dynamic skeleton acquisition , 2013, 2013 IEEE 15th International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP).

[7]  Dimo T. DIMOV Rapid and Reliable Content Based Image Retrieval , 2005 .

[8]  Masashi Nishiyama,et al.  Facial Deblur Inference Using Subspace Analysis for Recognition of Blurred Faces , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[9]  Andrzej Drygajlo,et al.  Voice, Forensic Evidence of , 2009, Encyclopedia of Biometrics.

[10]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Gait Recognition Across Various Walking Speeds Using Higher Order Shape Configuration Based on a Differential Composition Model , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[11]  David J. Crisp,et al.  A Geometric Interpretation of v-SVM Classifiers , 1999, NIPS.

[12]  Joaquín González-Rodríguez Forensic automatic speaker recognition: fiction or science? , 2008, INTERSPEECH.

[13]  Thomas S. Huang,et al.  Close the loop: Joint blind image restoration and recognition with sparse representation prior , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision.

[14]  Peter K. Larsen,et al.  Gait analysis in forensic medicine , 2007, Electronic Imaging.

[15]  Shengcai Liao,et al.  Partial Face Recognition: Alignment-Free Approach , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[16]  Xuelong Li,et al.  Human Gait Recognition With Matrix Representation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology.

[17]  Xuelong Li,et al.  General Tensor Discriminant Analysis and Gabor Features for Gait Recognition , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[18]  Fritz Class,et al.  A learning procedure for speaker-dependent word recognition systems based on sequential processing of input tokens , 1983, ICASSP.

[19]  Wen Gao,et al.  Illumination normalization for robust face recognition against varying lighting conditions , 2003, 2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.03CH37443).

[20]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Synthesis-based recognition of low resolution faces , 2011, 2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB).

[21]  Arun Ross,et al.  An introduction to biometric recognition , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology.

[22]  Simon Jackman,et al.  Bayesian Analysis for the Social Sciences , 2009 .

[23]  James Nga-Kwok Liu,et al.  Gait flow image: A silhouette-based gait representation for human identification , 2011, Pattern Recognit..

[24]  Shiguang Shan,et al.  Low-Resolution Face Recognition via Coupled Locality Preserving Mappings , 2010, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[25]  Shaogang Gong,et al.  Multi-modal tensor face for simultaneous super-resolution and recognition , 2005, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1.

[26]  Daniel Ramos Forensic evaluation of the evidence using automatic speaker recognition systems , 2014 .

[27]  Chang-Tsun Li,et al.  Robust Face Recognition under Varying Illumination and Occlusion Considering Structured Sparsity , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications (DICTA).

[28]  Zhipeng Zhang,et al.  Noisy speech recognition based on robust end-point detection and model adaptation , 2005, Proceedings. (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005..

[29]  Dong Xu,et al.  Human Gait Recognition Using Patch Distribution Feature and Locality-Constrained Group Sparse Representation , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[30]  Bernard Robertson,et al.  Interpreting Evidence: Evaluating Forensic Science in the Courtroom , 1995 .

[31]  Shaogang Gong,et al.  Gait recognition without subject cooperation , 2010, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[32]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Face recognition: A literature survey , 2003, CSUR.

[33]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Speed-invariant gait recognition based on Procrustes Shape Analysis using higher-order shape configuration , 2011, 2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[34]  Douglas A. Reynolds,et al.  Speaker Verification Using Adapted Gaussian Mixture Models , 2000, Digit. Signal Process..

[35]  Geoffrey Stewart Morrison,et al.  Forensic voice comparison and the paradigm shift. , 2009, Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society.

[36]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Silhouette Analysis-Based Gait Recognition for Human Identification , 2003, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[37]  Lei Zhang,et al.  Sparse representation or collaborative representation: Which helps face recognition? , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision.

[38]  Aleix M. Martínez,et al.  Recognizing Imprecisely Localized, Partially Occluded, and Expression Variant Faces from a Single Sample per Class , 2002, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[39]  Franco Taroni,et al.  Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for Forensic Scientists , 2004 .

[40]  Aleix M. Martínez,et al.  Face recognition with occlusions in the training and testing sets , 2008, 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition.

[41]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  Gait Recognition Using a View Transformation Model in the Frequency Domain , 2006, ECCV.

[42]  Christoph von der Malsburg,et al.  Pose-invariant face recognition with parametric linear subspaces , 2002, Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition.

[43]  Harry Hollien,et al.  The Phonetic Bases of Speaker Recognition by Francis Nolan , 1985 .

[44]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Fusion of gait and face for human identification , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[45]  Mark S. Nixon,et al.  The Effect of Time on Gait Recognition Performance , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[46]  Chang-Tsun Li,et al.  Robust face recognition with occlusions in both reference and query images , 2013, 2013 International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF).

[47]  Xiaoli Zhou,et al.  Integrating Face and Gait for Human Recognition at a Distance in Video , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[48]  Haizhou Li,et al.  An overview of text-independent speaker recognition: From features to supervectors , 2010, Speech Commun..

[49]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  The OU-ISIR Gait Database Comprising the Large Population Dataset and Performance Evaluation of Gait Recognition , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[50]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  Clothing-invariant gait identification using part-based clothing categorization and adaptive weight control , 2010, Pattern Recognit..

[51]  Chen Wang,et al.  Human Identification Using Temporal Information Preserving Gait Template , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[52]  Didier Meuwly,et al.  Forensic speaker recognition based on a Bayesian framework and Gaussian mixture modelling (GMM) , 2001, Odyssey.

[53]  Sudeep Sarkar,et al.  The humanID gait challenge problem: data sets, performance, and analysis , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[54]  Biao Wang,et al.  Illumination Normalization Based on Weber's Law With Application to Face Recognition , 2011, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[55]  Trevor Darrell,et al.  On probabilistic combination of face and gait cues for identification , 2002, Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition.

[56]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Combining Face and Iris Biometrics for Identity Verification , 2003, AVBPA.

[57]  Ronald Chung,et al.  EC-EGI: enriched complex EGI for 3D shape registration , 2008, Machine Vision and Applications.

[58]  Chang-Tsun Li,et al.  Face recognition with occlusion using Dynamic Image-to-Class Warping (DICW) , 2013, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG).

[59]  Stefanos Zafeiriou,et al.  Subspace Learning from Image Gradient Orientations , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[60]  Allan Jamieson,et al.  Wiley encyclopedia of forensic science , 2009 .

[61]  Chang-Tsun Li,et al.  Fixation and Saccade Based Face Recognition from Single Image per Person with Various Occlusions and Expressions , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops.

[62]  Javier Ortega-Garcia,et al.  Robust estimation, interpretation and assessment of likelihood ratios in forensic speaker recognition , 2006, Comput. Speech Lang..

[63]  Ravi Ramamoorthi,et al.  Analytic PCA Construction for Theoretical Analysis of Lighting Variability in Images of a Lambertian Object , 2002, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[64]  Shaogang Gong,et al.  Gait recognition using Gait Entropy Image , 2009, ICDP.

[65]  Hau-San Wong,et al.  3D Model Retrieval Based on Multi-Shell Extended Gaussian Image , 2007, VISUAL.

[66]  Massimo Tistarelli,et al.  Feature Level Fusion of Face and Fingerprint Biometrics , 2007, 2007 First IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications, and Systems.

[67]  Yongsheng Gao,et al.  Face recognition across pose: A review , 2009, Pattern Recognit..

[68]  Chih-Jen Lin,et al.  LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines , 2011, TIST.

[69]  Fabio Tozeto Ramos,et al.  Unsupervised clustering of people from ‘skeleton’ data , 2012, 2012 7th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[70]  Andrzej Drygajlo,et al.  Scoring and direct methods for the interpretation of evidence in forensic speaker recognition , 2004, INTERSPEECH.

[71]  Standards for the formulation of evaluative forensic science expert opinion. , 2009, Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society.

[72]  Andrzej Drygajlo Automatic Speaker Recognition for Forensic Case Assessment and Interpretation , 2012 .

[73]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Recognizing Gaits Across Views Through Correlated Motion Co-Clustering , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[74]  Andrzej Drygajlo Statistical Evaluation of Biometric Evidence in Forensic Automatic Speaker Recognition , 2009, IWCF.

[75]  Zhi-Hua Zhou,et al.  Face Recognition Under Occlusions and Variant Expressions With Partial Similarity , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[76]  M. Aizerman,et al.  Theoretical Foundations of the Potential Function Method in Pattern Recognition Learning , 1964 .

[77]  Didier Meuwly,et al.  Statistical methods and Bayesian interpretation of evidence in forensic automatic speaker recognition , 2003, INTERSPEECH.

[78]  Zhi-Hua Zhou,et al.  Recognizing partially occluded, expression variant faces from single training image per person with SOM and soft k-NN ensemble , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks.

[79]  Sudeep Sarkar,et al.  Outdoor recognition at a distance by fusing gait and face , 2007, Image Vis. Comput..

[80]  I. Evett,et al.  The nature of forensic science opinion--a possible framework to guide thinking and practice in investigations and in court proceedings. , 2006, Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society.

[81]  Xiaoli Zhou,et al.  Feature fusion of side face and gait for video-based human identification , 2008, Pattern Recognit..

[82]  Philip Rose Forensic Speaker Identification , 2002 .

[83]  Andrew W. Fitzgibbon,et al.  Real-time human pose recognition in parts from single depth images , 2011, CVPR 2011.

[84]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Efficient Night Gait Recognition Based on Template Matching , 2006, 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06).