A Method to Evaluate the Suitability of Requirements Specifications for Offshore Projects

Today, even the development of business information systems is subject to the global offshoring trend. With the division of development work in an inter-organizational and intercultural context, requirements specifications become the central means to communicate the development scope as explicitly as possible. The suitability of requirements specifications hence often is mission critical in offshore projects. To assess their suitability, we first present eight quality criteria for requirements specifications. We then discuss five critical compensating factors that may potentially balance out an insufficient specification quality during the offshore project. On this basis, we describe a method to rationally evaluate the suitability of requirements specifications for instantiating an offshore project. We illustrate the application of the method by elaborating on a large case study that has been conducted with an industry partner. The results achieved by applying our method were confirmed during the further course of the actual project.

[1]  Paul C. van Fenema,et al.  Cocreating Understanding and Value in Distributed Work: How Members of Onsite and Offshore Vendor Teams Give, Make, Demand, and Break Sense , 2008, MIS Q..

[2]  Ian Sommerville,et al.  Software engineering (6th ed.) , 2001 .

[3]  G. Erber,et al.  Offshore outsourcing - A global shift in the present IT industry , 2004 .

[4]  Jens Dibbern,et al.  Explaining Variations in Client Extra Costs Between Software Projects Offshored to India , 2008, MIS Q..

[5]  G. Erber,et al.  Offshore Outsourcing , 2005 .

[6]  Uwe M. Borghoff,et al.  Formale Konsistenzsicherung in informellen Software-Spezifikationen , 2004, Informatik Forschung und Entwicklung.

[7]  C. Morris Foundations of the theory of signs , 1938 .

[8]  Armin Scholl,et al.  Planung und Entscheidung : Konzepte, Modelle und Methoden einer modernen betriebswirtschaftlichen Entscheidungsanalyse ; [unserem akademischen Lehrer Wolfgang Domschke zum 60. Geburtstag] , 2004 .

[9]  Jörg Becker,et al.  Grundsätze ordnungsmässiger Modellierung , 1995 .

[10]  Anthony Hall,et al.  Seven myths of formal methods , 1990, IEEE Software.

[11]  W L VlaarPaul,et al.  Cocreating understanding and value in distributed work , 2008 .

[12]  John Krogstie,et al.  Integrating the understanding of quality in requirements specification and conceptual modeling , 1998, SOEN.

[13]  Siri-on Setamanit,et al.  Identifying Key Success Factors for Globally Distributed Software Development Project Using Simulation: A Case Study , 2008, ICSP.

[14]  Leslie P. Willcocks,et al.  ITsourcing reflections Lessons for customers and suppliers WI – Schwerpunktaufsatz , 2012 .

[15]  Desmond D'Souza,et al.  Objects, Components, and Frameworks with UML: The Catalysis Approach , 1998 .

[16]  Robert Winter,et al.  Anwendungsorientierte Wirtschaftsinformatik : strategische Planung, Entwicklung und Nutzung von Informations- und Kommunikationssystemen , 2002 .

[17]  Axel van Lamsweerde,et al.  Requirements Engineering: From System Goals to UML Models to Software Specifications , 2009 .

[18]  Richard Heeks,et al.  Synching or Sinking: Global Software Outsourcing Relationships , 2001, IEEE Softw..

[19]  Ulrich Remus,et al.  Critical Success Factors for Managing Offshore Software Development Projects , 2009 .

[20]  Alexander Wehrmann,et al.  Ein COCOMO-basierter Ansatz zur Entscheidungsunterstützung beim Offshoring von Software-entwicklungsprojekten , 2006, Wirtschaftsinf..

[21]  R. L. Feldmann,et al.  Outsourcing in India , 2001, IEEE Softw..

[22]  Saggi Nevo,et al.  An examination of the trade-off between internal and external IT capabilities , 2007, J. Strateg. Inf. Syst..

[23]  Makoto Kojima,et al.  Making IT Offshoring Work for the Japanese Industries , 2007, SEAFOOD.

[24]  Jens Dibbern,et al.  Der Einfluss kultureller Unterschiede beim IT-Offshoring , 2007, Wirtschaftsinf..

[25]  Thomas M. J. Möllers Standardisierung durch Markt und Recht , 2008 .

[26]  Philippe Kruchten,et al.  Cultural patterns in software process mishaps: incidents in global projects , 2005 .

[27]  Moshe Y. Vardi,et al.  The executive summary, findings, and overview of a comprehensive ACM report on the offshoring of software worldwide , 2006 .

[28]  Akito Sakurai,et al.  Questionnaire-Based Risk Assessment Scheme for Japanese Offshore Software Outsourcing , 2007, SEAFOOD.

[29]  Jean-Pierre Corriveau,et al.  Testable Requirements for Offshore Outsourcing , 2007, SEAFOOD.

[30]  Bandula Jayatilaka,et al.  Information systems outsourcing: a survey and analysis of the literature , 2004, DATB.

[31]  Oliver Skroch,et al.  Kritische Defizite bei der Leistungsvereinbarung in Software-Verträgen: ein Bericht aus der Praxis , 2008 .

[32]  Stefan Biffl,et al.  Risk management with enhanced tracing of requirements rationale in highly distributed projects , 2006, GSD '06.

[33]  Sachidanandam Sakthivel,et al.  Managing risk in offshore systems development , 2007, CACM.

[34]  Erich Ortner Ein Multipfad-Vorgehensmodell für die Entwicklung von Informationssystemen - dargestellt am Beispiel von Workflow-Management-Anwendungen , 1998, Wirtsch..

[35]  Klaus Turowski,et al.  Unzureichende Leistungsbeschreibung bei der Softwareentwicklung und die Rolle von Standardverträgen , 2008 .

[36]  Kerstin V. Siakas,et al.  Trust Facilitating Good Software Outsourcing Relationships , 2006, EuroSPI.

[37]  James J. Cusick,et al.  and Engineering Approach to Offshore Collaboration , 2006 .

[38]  Brian Berenbach,et al.  Metrics for model driven requirements development , 2006, ICSE '06.

[39]  Jyoti M. Bhat,et al.  Overcoming Requirements Engineering Challenges: Lessons from Offshore Outsourcing , 2006, IEEE Software.

[40]  Moshe Y. Vardi,et al.  Globalization and offshoring of software : a report of the ACM Job Migration Task Force , 2006 .

[41]  Philippe Kruchten,et al.  Cultural patterns in software process mishaps , 2005, ACM SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes.

[42]  Alan W. Brown Large Scale Component Based Development , 2000 .

[43]  David Gefen,et al.  Business Familiarity as Risk Mitigation in Software Development Outsourcing Contracts , 2008, MIS Q..

[44]  Yoshihisa Wada,et al.  An Evaluation Method for Offshore Software Development by Structural Equation Modeling , 2007, SEAFOOD.

[45]  Dietmar Pfahl,et al.  Making Globally Distributed Software Development a Success Story, International Conference on Software Process, ICSP 2008, Leipzig, Germany, May 10-11, 2008, Proceedings , 2008, ICSP.

[46]  Peter Thomas,et al.  WS-Specification: Ein Spezifikationsrahmen zur Beschreibung von Web-Services auf Basis des UDDI-Standards , 2005, Wirtschaftsinformatik.

[47]  Alan M. Davis,et al.  Software Requirements: Objects, Functions and States , 1993 .

[48]  W. R. King,et al.  Information systems offshoring: research status and issues , 2008 .

[49]  Martin Bichler,et al.  Design science in information systems research , 2006, Wirtschaftsinf..

[50]  Geert Hofstede,et al.  Lokales Denken, globales Handeln : Interkulturelle Zusammenarbeit und globales Management , 2007 .

[51]  Paul Veerkamp,et al.  Modeling Design Process , 1990, AI Mag..

[52]  Henrik Munkebo Christiansen Meeting the Challenge of Communication in Offshore Software Development , 2007, SEAFOOD.

[53]  Sven Overhage,et al.  Vereinheitlichte Spezifikation von Komponenten - Grundlagen, UNSCOM Spezifikationsrahmen und Anwendung , 2006, Ausgezeichnete Informatikdissertationen.

[54]  R. Coase The Nature of the Firm , 1937 .

[55]  Narain H. Gehani,et al.  Software Specification Techniques , 1985 .