Exemplification Effects in the Promotion of Safety and Health

After explicating essentials of exemplification theory, research demonstrations of the effects of exemplar presentations on the formation and modification of beliefs about safety and health, as well as on the consequences of these beliefs for self-protective behavior, are summarized. Affective reactivity connected with exemplifications, especially with exemplifications presented in pictorial formats, is given special consideration. The implications of theory and research for the promotion of safety and health via the media of communication are then enumerated. The influence of exemplifications on matters of personal welfare is further considered in concert with the influence projected by complementary theoretical approaches that focus on strategic decision making.

[1]  Dolf Zillmann,et al.  Exaggerated Versus Representative Exemplification in News Reports , 1994 .

[2]  K. Mccaul,et al.  Cancer screening decisions. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.

[3]  D. Zillmann,et al.  Effects of Salience Dimensions of Informational Utility on Selective Exposure to Online News , 2003 .

[4]  S. Shyam Sundar,et al.  Impression-formation effects of printed news varying in descriptive precision and exemplifications. , 1992 .

[5]  A. Tversky,et al.  On the psychology of prediction , 1973 .

[6]  David W Harless,et al.  The predictive utility of generalized expected utility theories , 1994 .

[7]  D. Kahneman.  A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality. , 2003, The American psychologist.

[8]  Dolf Zillmann,et al.  Exemplification Theory: Judging the Whole by Some of Its Parts , 1999 .

[9]  L. Ross,et al.  Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. , 1981 .

[10]  Stephanie Lee Sargent,et al.  Effects of Photographs in News-Magazine Reports on issue Perception , 1999 .

[11]  A. Bandura.  Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[12]  B. Trock,et al.  Psychological and behavioral implications of abnormal mammograms. , 1991, Annals of internal medicine.

[13]  J. Holland,et al.  Psychological distress in women with a familial risk of breast cancer , 1995 .

[14]  Edward Krupat,et al.  Generalizing From Atypical Cases: How General a Tendency? , 1997 .

[15]  Hans-Bernd Brosius,et al.  The Utility of Exemplars in Persuasive Communications , 1994 .

[16]  G P Samsa,et al.  The short-term impact of tailored mammography decision-making interventions. , 2001, Patient education and counseling.

[17]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[18]  B. Trock,et al.  Psychological side effects of breast cancer screening. , 1991, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[19]  J. Bryant,et al.  Media effects : advances in theory and research , 2002 .

[20]  Martin Fishbein,et al.  Readings in attitude theory and measurement , 1968 .

[21]  P. E. Gold,et al.  Hormonal modulation of memory. , 1989 .

[22]  Dolf Zillmann,et al.  Effects of Photographs on the Selective Reading of News Reports , 2001 .

[23]  R. D. Kavanaugh,et al.  Emotion : interdisciplinary perspectives , 1996 .

[24]  B. Trock,et al.  Factors associated with repeat adherence to breast cancer screening. , 1990, Preventive medicine.

[25]  I. Ajzen.  The theory of planned behavior , 1991 .

[26]  Jay M Bernhardt,et al.  Online Pediatric Information Seeking Among Mothers of Young Children: Results From a Qualitative Study Using Focus Groups , 2004, Journal of medical Internet research.

[27]  E. Higgins,et al.  Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. , 1996 .

[28]  K. Mccaul,et al.  A Descriptive Study of Breast Cancer Worry , 1998, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[29]  James A. Karrh,et al.  Effects of Salient News Items on Information Acquisition and Issue Perception , 2002, Z. für Medienpsychologie.

[30]  Automaticity of chronically accessible constructs in person x situation effects on person perception: it's just a matter of time. , 1988 .

[31]  G. Doolittle,et al.  Online Cancer Services: Types of Services Offered and Associated Health Outcomes , 2005, Journal of medical Internet research.

[32]  F. Macrae,et al.  Predicting colon cancer screening behavior from health beliefs. , 1984, Preventive medicine.

[33]  K. Mccaul,et al.  Information Gathering Over Time by Breast Cancer Patients , 2003, Journal of medical Internet research.

[34]  Norman E. Spear,et al.  Memory: Phenomena and Principles , 1994 .

[35]  E. Rolls.  The Brain and Emotion , 2000 .

[36]  James W. Pennebaker,et al.  The Handbook of Mental Control , 1992 .

[37]  T. K. Srull,et al.  Handbook of Social Cognition , 1993 .

[38]  Sven-Åke Christianson,et al.  The Handbook of Emotion and Memory : Research and Theory , 1994 .

[39]  J. Schorling,et al.  Preferences of elderly men for prostate-specific antigen screening and the impact of informed consent. , 1998, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[40]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  Risk as Feelings , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[41]  John T. Cacioppo,et al.  The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion , 1986, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.

[42]  Dolf Zillmann,et al.  Effects of Exemplification in News Reports on the Perception of Social Issues , 1996 .

[43]  R. Glasgow,et al.  WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST CANCER RISK AND MAMMOGRAPHY SCREENING? A META-ANALYTIC REVIEW , 1996 .

[44]  R. Mickey,et al.  Breast cancer screening and associated factors for low-income African-American women. , 1995, Preventive medicine.

[45]  H. P. Cooper,et al.  Skin cancer prevention and early detection intentions and behavior. , 1995, American journal of preventive medicine.

[46]  T. Bungum,et al.  Determinants of physical activity among female adolescents. , 1997, American journal of preventive medicine.

[47]  Lei Chen,et al.  Effects of Lead Framing on Selective Exposure to Internet News Reports , 2004, Commun. Res..

[48]  V. Champion,et al.  Effect of interventions on stage of mammography adoption , 1995, Journal of Behavioral Medicine.

[49]  Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick,et al.  Imagery Effects on the Selective Reading of Internet Newsmagazines , 2003, Commun. Res..

[50]  J. Bryant,et al.  Responding to the screen : reception and reaction processes , 1991 .

[51]  J. Beckmann,et al.  Action control : from cognition to behavior , 1985 .

[52]  James L. McGaugh,et al.  β-Adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events , 1994, Nature.

[53]  P. Slovic,et al.  The affect heuristic , 2007, European Journal of Operational Research.

[54]  R. Rimal,et al.  Perceived risk and efficacy beliefs as motivators of change: Use of the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework to understand health behaviors , 2003 .

[55]  G. Davey.  A comparison of three worry questionnaires. , 1993, Behaviour research and therapy.

[56]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[57]  Dolf Zillmann,et al.  Effects of Victim Exemplification in Television News on Viewer Perception of Social Issues , 1996 .

[58]  G. C. Quarton,et al.  The Neurosciences;: Second study program , 1970 .

[59]  M. Allen,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns , 2000, Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education.

[60]  Daniel Kahneman,et al.  Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability , 1973 .

[61]  M. Bar-Hillel.  The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments. , 1980 .