Transcription Regulation Through Promoter-Proximal Pausing of RNA Polymerase II

Recent work has shown that the RNA polymerase II enzyme pauses at a promoter-proximal site of many genes in Drosophila and mammals. This rate-limiting step occurs after recruitment and initiation of RNA polymerase II at a gene promoter. This stage in early elongation appears to be an important and broadly used target of gene regulation.

[1]  D. Price,et al.  Control of formation of two distinct classes of RNA polymerase II elongation complexes , 1992, Molecular and cellular biology.

[2]  R. Young,et al.  A Chromatin Landmark and Transcription Initiation at Most Promoters in Human Cells , 2007, Cell.

[3]  K. Struhl,et al.  Activator-mediated recruitment of the RNA polymerase II machinery is the predominant mechanism for transcriptional activation in yeast. , 1998, Molecular cell.

[4]  Hiroshi Handa,et al.  NELF, a Multisubunit Complex Containing RD, Cooperates with DSIF to Repress RNA Polymerase II Elongation , 1999, Cell.

[5]  D. Luse,et al.  Promoter Clearance by RNA Polymerase II Is an Extended, Multistep Process Strongly Affected by Sequence , 2001, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[6]  J. Greenblatt,et al.  Three functional classes of transcriptional activation domain , 1996, Molecular and cellular biology.

[7]  Ruchir Shah,et al.  RNA polymerase is poised for activation across the genome , 2007, Nature Genetics.

[8]  D. Bentley.  Regulation of transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II. , 1995, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[9]  J. Lis,et al.  Promoter-associated pausing in promoter architecture and postinitiation transcriptional regulation. , 1998, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[10]  S. Pinaud,et al.  RNA polymerase II promoter-proximal pausing upregulates c-fos gene expression. , 2000, Gene.

[11]  P. Chambon,et al.  Clustering of RNA polymerase B molecules in the 5' moiety of the adult beta-globin gene of hen erythrocytes. , 1981, Nucleic acids research.

[12]  J. Lis,et al.  HSF access to heat shock elements in vivo depends critically on promoter architecture defined by GAGA factor, TFIID, and RNA polymerase II binding sites. , 1995, Genes & development.

[13]  A. Rougvie,et al.  The RNA polymerase II molecule at the 5′ end of the uninduced hsp70 gene of D. melanogaster is transcriptionally engaged , 1988, Cell.

[14]  Xiaoling Wang,et al.  Transcription elongation controls cell fate specification in the Drosophila embryo. , 2007, Genes & development.

[15]  Leah Barrera,et al.  A high-resolution map of active promoters in the human genome , 2005, Nature.

[16]  Danny Reinberg,et al.  Elongation by RNA polymerase II: the short and long of it. , 2004, Genes & development.

[17]  M. Ptashne,et al.  Transcriptional activation by recruitment , 1997, Nature.

[18]  Jeffrey W. Roberts,et al.  Antitermination by bacteriophage lambda Q protein. , 1998, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[19]  Nicola J. Rinaldi,et al.  Global position and recruitment of HATs and HDACs in the yeast genome. , 2004, Molecular cell.

[20]  Manolis Kellis,et al.  RNA polymerase stalling at developmental control genes in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo , 2007, Nature Genetics.

[21]  D. Gilmour,et al.  Identification In Vivo of Different Rate-Limiting Steps Associated with Transcriptional Activators in the Presence and Absence of a GAGA Element , 2005, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[22]  D. Luse,et al.  RNA Polymerase II Transcription Complexes May Become Arrested If the Nascent RNA Is Shortened to Less than 50 Nucleotides* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[23]  M. Groudine,et al.  Promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II defines a general rate-limiting step after transcription initiation. , 1995, Genes & development.

[24]  B. Peterlin,et al.  Controlling the elongation phase of transcription with P-TEFb. , 2006, Molecular cell.

[25]  John T. Lis,et al.  Breaking barriers to transcription elongation , 2006, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[26]  Jessica Halow,et al.  The beta -globin locus control region (LCR) functions primarily by enhancing the transition from transcription initiation to elongation. , 2003, Genes & development.