Robotic transformative service research: deploying social robots for consumer well-being during COVID-19 and beyond

Purpose: Besides the direct physical health consequences, through social isolation COVID-19 affects a considerably larger share of consumers with deleterious effects for their psychological well-being Two vulnerable consumer groups are particularly affected: older adults and children The purpose of the underlying paper is to take a transformative research perspective on how social robots can be deployed for advancing the well-being of these vulnerable consumers and to spur robotic transformative service research (RTSR) Design/methodology/approach: This paper follows a conceptual approach that integrates findings from various domains: service research, social robotics, social psychology and medicine Findings: Two key findings advanced in this paper are (1) a typology of robotic transformative service (i e entertainer, social enabler, mentor and friend) as a function of consumers' state of social isolation, well-being focus and robot capabilities and (2) a future research agenda for RTSR Practical implications: This paper guides service consumers and providers and robot developers in identifying and developing the most appropriate social robot type for advancing the well-being of vulnerable consumers in social isolation Originality/value: This study is the first to integrate social robotics and transformative service research by developing a typology of social robots as a guiding framework for assessing the status quo of transformative robotic service on the basis of which it advances a future research agenda for RTSR It further complements the underdeveloped body of service research with a focus on eudaimonic consumer well-being © 2020, Alexander P Henkel, Martina Caic, Marah Blaurock and Mehmet Okan

[1]  C. Ryff Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. , 1989 .

[2]  R. Oliver Customer delight: Foundations, findings, and managerial insight☆ , 1997 .

[3]  Linda L. Price,et al.  Commercial Friendships: Service Provider–Client Relationships in Context , 1999 .

[4]  L. Berkman,et al.  Social Disengagement and Incident Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[5]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology , 1999 .

[6]  Linda L. Price,et al.  Commercial Friendships: Service Provider--Client Relationships in Context , 1999 .

[7]  G. Mcinnis,et al.  A phenomenological exploration of loneliness in the older adult. , 2001, Archives of psychiatric nursing.

[8]  M. Pinquart,et al.  Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis , 2001 .

[9]  M. Pinquart,et al.  Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis , 2001 .

[10]  E. Deci,et al.  On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. , 2001, Annual review of psychology.

[11]  L. Hawkley,et al.  Loneliness and Health: Potential Mechanisms , 2002, Psychosomatic medicine.

[12]  Illah R. Nourbakhsh,et al.  A survey of socially interactive robots , 2003, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[13]  E. Skinner,et al.  Sense of Relatedness as a Factor in Children's Academic Engagement and Performance. , 2003 .

[14]  R. Pieters,et al.  Angry customers don't come back, they get back: The experience and behavioral implications of anger and dissatisfaction in services , 2003 .

[15]  L. Hawkley,et al.  Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. , 2006, Psychology and aging.

[16]  Heloir,et al.  The Uncanny Valley , 2019, The Animation Studies Reader.

[17]  Fumihide Tanaka,et al.  Socialization between toddlers and robots at an early childhood education center , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[18]  Takayuki Kanda,et al.  > Replace This Line with Your Paper Identification Number (double-click Here to Edit) < 2 , 2022 .

[19]  K. Chan,et al.  Strengthening Customer Loyalty through Intimacy and Passion: Roles of Customer–Firm Affection and Customer–Staff Relationships in Services , 2008 .

[20]  Ana Paiva,et al.  Are emotional robots more fun to play with? , 2008, RO-MAN 2008 - The 17th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication.

[21]  Brian T. Gill,et al.  Children's Behavior toward and Understanding of Robotic and Living Dogs , 2009 .

[22]  Ben J. A. Kröse,et al.  The Influence of Social Presence on Acceptance of an Assistive Social Robot and Screen Agent by Elderly Users , 2009 .

[23]  E. Diener,et al.  Personality and Subjective Well-Being , 2009 .

[24]  Christopher P. Niemiec,et al.  Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom , 2009 .

[25]  E. Cornwell,et al.  Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults∗ , 2009, Journal of health and social behavior.

[26]  L. Hawkley,et al.  Perceived social isolation and cognition , 2009, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[27]  L. Hawkley,et al.  Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms , 2010, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[28]  Cynthia Breazeal,et al.  MeBot: A robotic platform for socially embodied telepresence , 2010, 2010 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[29]  Mary Jo Bitner,et al.  Moving Forward and Making a Difference: Research Priorities for the Science of Service , 2010 .

[30]  N. Sharkey,et al.  Granny and the robots: ethical issues in robot care for the elderly , 2012, Ethics and Information Technology.

[31]  Brian T. Gill,et al.  "Robovie, you'll have to go into the closet now": children's social and moral relationships with a humanoid robot. , 2012, Developmental psychology.

[32]  Ana Paiva,et al.  Long-Term Interactions with Empathic Robots: Evaluating Perceived Support in Children , 2012, ICSR.

[33]  E. Diener New findings and future directions for subjective well-being research. , 2012, The American psychologist.

[34]  Karl F. MacDorman,et al.  The Uncanny Valley [From the Field] , 2012, IEEE Robotics Autom. Mag..

[35]  Elena Márquez Segura,et al.  The NAO models for the elderly , 2013, 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[36]  Sonya S. Kwak,et al.  Am I acceptable to you? Effect of a robot's verbal language forms on people's social distance from robots , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[37]  Amy L. Ostrom,et al.  Transformative Service Research: An Agenda for the Future , 2013 .

[38]  E. Arnould,et al.  Socializing to Co-Produce , 2013 .

[39]  P. T. V. Bhuvaneswari,et al.  Humanoid robot based physiotherapeutic assistive trainer for elderly health care , 2013, 2013 International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Technology (ICRTIT).

[40]  J. Wardle,et al.  Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[41]  Rajiv Khosla,et al.  Socially Assistive Robots in Elderly Care: A Mixed-Method Systematic Literature Review , 2014, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[42]  Heather Draper,et al.  Robot carers, ethics, and older people , 2014, Ethics and Information Technology.

[43]  Emiel Krahmer,et al.  Child-robot interaction across cultures: How does playing a game with a social robot compare to playing a game alone or with a friend? , 2014, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[44]  Bruce A. MacDonald,et al.  The Role of Healthcare Robots for Older People at Home: A Review , 2014, Int. J. Soc. Robotics.

[45]  Tanya N. Beran,et al.  Humanoid robotics in health care: An exploration of children’s and parents’ emotional reactions , 2015, Journal of health psychology.

[46]  Maartje M. A. de Graaf,et al.  Sharing a life with Harvey: Exploring the acceptance of and relationship-building with a social robot , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[47]  Amy L. Ostrom,et al.  Transformative Service Research , 2015 .

[48]  P. Rochat,et al.  The Uncanny Valley: Existence and Explanations , 2015 .

[49]  Nian-Shing Chen,et al.  Instructional design using an in-house built teaching assistant robot to enhance elementary school English-as-a-foreign-language learning , 2015, Interact. Learn. Environ..

[50]  Timothy B. Smith,et al.  Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality , 2015, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[51]  Janet R. Mccoll-Kennedy,et al.  Conducting service research that matters , 2015 .

[52]  Panayiotis Andreou,et al.  A Robotic Cloud Ecosystem for Elderly Care and Ageing Well: The GrowMeUp Approach , 2016 .

[53]  Mark A. Neerincx,et al.  Integrating Robot Support Functions into Varied Activities at Returning Hospital Visits , 2016, International Journal of Social Robotics.

[54]  Fatemeh S. Shahmehr,et al.  Service Innovation Using Social Robot to Reduce Social Vulnerability among Older People in Residential Care Facilities , 2016 .

[55]  Lola Cañamero,et al.  Making New “New AI” Friends: Designing a Social Robot for Diabetic Children from an Embodied AI Perspective , 2016, Int. J. Soc. Robotics.

[56]  Joris B. Janssen,et al.  Design and evaluation of a personal robot playing a self-management education game with children with diabetes type 1 , 2017, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[57]  Alexander P. Henkel,et al.  Storm after the Quiet: How Marketplace Interactions Shape Consumer Resources in Collective Goal Pursuits , 2017, Journal of the Association for Consumer Research.

[58]  Amy L. Ostrom,et al.  Domo Arigato Mr. Roboto , 2017 .

[59]  C. L. Philip Chen,et al.  A survey of human-centered intelligent robots: issues and challenges , 2017, IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica.

[60]  M. Rosenbaum,et al.  Commentary: vulnerable consumers in service settings , 2017 .

[61]  Emily J. Ashurst,et al.  Robot education peers in a situated primary school study: Personalisation promotes child learning , 2017, PloS one.

[62]  M. Heerink,et al.  Social robots to support children’s well-being under medical treatment: A systematic state-of-the-art review , 2018, Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community.

[63]  Anara Sandygulova,et al.  Age- and Gender-Based Differences in Children’s Interactions with a Gender-Matching Robot , 2018, International Journal of Social Robotics.

[64]  Roland T. Rust,et al.  Artificial Intelligence in Service , 2018 .

[65]  D. Mahr,et al.  Service robots: value co-creation and co-destruction in elderly care networks , 2018 .

[66]  Helen Crompton,et al.  Humanoid robots supporting children's learning in an early childhood setting , 2018, Br. J. Educ. Technol..

[67]  A. Kazdin,et al.  The Influence of a Socially Assistive Robot on Mood, Anxiety, and Arousal in Children , 2018 .

[68]  P. Lehoux,et al.  When robots care: Public deliberations on how technology and humans may support independent living for older adults. , 2018, Social science & medicine.

[69]  Sertan Kabadayi,et al.  The influence of social distancing on employee well-being: a conceptual framework and research agenda , 2020, Journal of Service Management.

[70]  Jochen Wirtz,et al.  Brave new world: service robots in the frontline , 2018, Journal of Service Management.

[71]  Nicole C. Krämer,et al.  The Effects of Humanlike and Robot-Specific Affective Nonverbal Behavior on Perception, Emotion, and Behavior , 2018, International Journal of Social Robotics.

[72]  Bert P. B. Bierman,et al.  Friendship with a robot: Children's perception of similarity between a robot's physical and virtual embodiment that supports diabetes self-management. , 2018, Patient education and counseling.

[73]  A. Vitanza,et al.  Assistive robots for socialization in elderly people: results pertaining to the needs of the users , 2018, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.

[74]  Carey K. Morewedge,et al.  Resistance To Medical Artificial Intelligence , 2019, Journal of Consumer Research.

[75]  Pieter Meyns,et al.  Do a humanoid robot and music increase the motivation to perform physical activity? A quasi-experimental cohort in typical developing children and preliminary findings in hospitalized children in neutropenia , 2019, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[76]  F. Schmiedek,et al.  The importance of peer relatedness at school for affective well‐being in children: Between‐ and within‐person associations , 2019, Social Development.

[77]  Dhruv Grewal,et al.  Service Robots Rising: How Humanoid Robots Influence Service Experiences and Elicit Compensatory Consumer Responses , 2019, Journal of Marketing Research.

[78]  Pei-Luen Patrick Rau,et al.  Influence of Embodiment and Substrate of Social Robots on Users’ Decision-Making and Attitude , 2018, Int. J. Soc. Robotics.

[79]  L. D. de Witte,et al.  What are the preferred characteristics of a service robot for the elderly? A multi-country focus group study with older adults and caregivers , 2019, Assistive technology : the official journal of RESNA.

[80]  Satu Pekkarinen,et al.  Could robots strengthen the sense of autonomy of older people residing in assisted living facilities?—A future-oriented study , 2019, Ethics and Information Technology.

[81]  K. Heljakka,et al.  Toys That Mobilize: Past, Present and Future of Phygital Playful Technology , 2019, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.

[82]  Andrew K. Przybylski,et al.  Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science , 2020, The Lancet Psychiatry.

[83]  Yves Van Vaerenbergh,et al.  Customers' contamination concerns: an integrative framework and future prospects for service management , 2020 .

[84]  D. Mahr,et al.  Mitigating loneliness with companion robots in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: an integrative framework and research agenda , 2020 .

[85]  G. Rubin,et al.  The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence , 2020, The Lancet.

[86]  Kristina Heinonen,et al.  Reframing service innovation: COVID-19 as a catalyst for imposed service innovation , 2020 .

[87]  G. Prayag,et al.  Beyond panic buying: consumption displacement and COVID-19 , 2020 .

[88]  A. Koyanagi,et al.  Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): a longitudinal mediation analysis. , 2020, The Lancet. Public health.

[89]  Donald C. Barnes,et al.  Customer delight during a crisis: understanding delight through the lens of transformative service research , 2020 .

[90]  L. Bove,et al.  Restrict, clean and protect: signaling consumer safety during the pandemic and beyond , 2020 .

[91]  Sertan Kabadayi,et al.  Fostering older adult care experiences to maximize well-being outcomes , 2020 .

[92]  Alexandre Bernardino,et al.  Robotic Versus Human Coaches for Active Aging: An Automated Social Presence Perspective , 2019, Int. J. Soc. Robotics.

[93]  R. Hill,et al.  Consumer Vulnerability , 2020, Journal of Consumer Psychology.

[94]  S. Khaksar,et al.  Carer’s perception on social assistive technology acceptance and adoption: moderating effects of perceived risks , 2019, Behav. Inf. Technol..