Falls, physical limitations, confusion and memory problems in people with type II diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes, and the influence of vitamins A, D and E.

AIMS To examine the association between type II diabetes, prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes with falls, physical limitations, confusion and memory problems, and to evaluate the effects of vitamins A, D and E levels on the associations. METHODS Data from 37,973 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was analyzed. RESULTS The participants' mean age was 46±17years, 20% had diabetes of which 17% were unaware of their condition (undiagnosed diabetes), and 21% had prediabetes. Diabetes was significantly associated with falls, difficulties in stooping, crouching, kneeling, completing house chores, getting in and out bed, standing and sitting for long periods, reaching over head, grasping, holding objects, and attending social events. The association between diabetes and confusion or memory problems was stronger for those diagnosed before age 40. Memory problems were reported only by people with diabetes with lower vitamin D levels. Vitamin A and E levels did not modify the association between diabetes and falls or any of the physical functions, confusion or memory problems. Prediabetes was only associated with difficulty standing for long periods. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes was associated with falls, difficulties in physical functioning and attending social events. Vitamin D levels modified the effects on confusion and memory problems.

[1]  S. Mori,et al.  Risk factors associated with falls in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. , 2015, Journal of diabetes and its complications.

[2]  J. Largay.  Case Study: New-Onset Diabetes: How to Tell the Difference Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes , 2012, Clinical Diabetes.

[3]  M. Hunter,et al.  Fear of falling is common in patients with type 2 diabetes and is associated with increased risk of falls. , 2015, Age and ageing.

[4]  Kerry Jones,et al.  Vitamin D and cognitive function , 2012, Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum.

[5]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  Antioxidants and physical performance in elderly persons: the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) study. , 2004, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[6]  H. Lukaski.  Vitamin and mineral status: effects on physical performance. , 2004, Nutrition.

[7]  Clifford R. Jack,et al.  Association of type 2 diabetes with brain atrophy and cognitive impairment , 2014, Neurology.

[8]  S. D. de Rooij,et al.  Fear of falling: measurement strategy, prevalence, risk factors and consequences among older persons. , 2008, Age and ageing.

[9]  I. Papet,et al.  Antioxidant supplementation restores defective leucine stimulation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle from old rats. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[10]  N. Akdeniz,et al.  Effect of Probiotics on the Treatment of Children with Atopic Dermatitis , 2012, Annals of dermatology.

[11]  Vassilis Paschalis,et al.  No effect of antioxidant supplementation on muscle performance and blood redox status adaptations to eccentric training. , 2011, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[12]  Chris Gilleard,et al.  The emotional consequences of falls for older people and their families , 1995 .

[13]  Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof,et al.  Vitamin E in Sarcopenia: Current Evidences on Its Role in Prevention and Treatment , 2014, Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity.

[14]  O. Mogensen,et al.  Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation , 1949 .

[15]  I. Deary,et al.  Clinical and Subclinical Macrovascular Disease as Predictors of Cognitive Decline in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes , 2013, Diabetes Care.

[16]  J. Morley,et al.  Diabetes Mellitus in a Subgroup of Older Mexicans: Prevalence, Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Functional and Cognitive Impairment, and Mortality , 2002, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[17]  S. Prescott,et al.  Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children: a randomized controlled trial. , 2007, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[18]  Jeffrey M. Hausdorff,et al.  Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: a 1-year prospective study. , 2001, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[19]  E. Mitchell,et al.  A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. , 2008, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[20]  Michael C Schubert,et al.  Diabetes, Vestibular Dysfunction, and Falls: Analyses From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 2010, Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology.

[21]  A. Vinik,et al.  Falls risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes. , 2015, Clinics in geriatric medicine.

[22]  V. Morsch,et al.  Effect of vitamin D3 on behavioural and biochemical parameters in diabetes type 1‐induced rats , 2014, Cell biochemistry and function.

[23]  M. Tarnopolsky,et al.  Contraction-induced muscle damage is unaffected by vitamin E supplementation. , 2002, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[24]  R. Chou,et al.  Vitamin D and falls-fitting new data with current guidelines. , 2015, JAMA internal medicine.

[25]  Evelyn Wong,et al.  Diabetes and risk of physical disability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2013, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

[26]  I. Reid,et al.  Vitamin D supplementation and falls: a trial sequential meta-analysis. , 2014, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

[27]  Denis A. Evans,et al.  Vitamin E and cognitive decline in older persons. , 2002, Archives of neurology.

[28]  S. Bandinelli,et al.  Lower plasma vitamin E levels are associated with the frailty syndrome: the InCHIANTI study. , 2006, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[29]  M. Holick.  Vitamin D deficiency. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[30]  C. Mello,et al.  Significance of vitamin A to brain function, behavior and learning. , 2010, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[31]  G. Radaelli,et al.  A Randomized Prospective Double Blind Controlled Trial on Effects of Long-Term Consumption of Fermented Milk Containing Lactobacillus casei in Pre-School Children With Allergic Asthma and/or Rhinitis , 2007, Pediatric Research.

[32]  S. Prescott,et al.  Early markers of allergic disease in a primary prevention study using probiotics: 2.5‐year follow‐up phase , 2008, Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[33]  Bin Zhou,et al.  Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetic adults , 2014, Endocrine.

[34]  M. Cesari,et al.  Rationale for Antioxidant Supplementation in Sarcopenia , 2012, Journal of aging research.

[35]  A. J. Bell,et al.  Characteristics and outcomes of older patients presenting to the emergency department after a fall: a retrospective analysis , 2000, The Medical journal of Australia.

[36]  C. West,et al.  Probiotics during weaning reduce the incidence of eczema , 2009, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[37]  Kelly M. Naugle,et al.  Obesity and diabetes as accelerators of functional decline: Can lifestyle interventions maintain functional status in high risk older adults? , 2013, Experimental Gerontology.

[38]  Ren-Long Jan,et al.  Randomized placebo‐controlled trial of lactobacillus on asthmatic children with allergic rhinitis , 2010, Pediatric pulmonology.

[39]  Elizabeth Selvin,et al.  Association of Diabetes, Comorbidities, and A1C With Functional Disability in Older Adults , 2010, Diabetes Care.

[40]  P Woodbury,et al.  A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[41]  S. Salminen,et al.  Maternal probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breast-feeding reduces the risk of eczema in the infant. , 2012, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[42]  L. Lui,et al.  Reported and measured physical functioning in older inner-city diabetic African Americans. , 1999, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[43]  Kim Delbaere,et al.  Understanding the Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Falls in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study , 2013, PloS one.

[44]  Falls Injuries and Type 2 Diabetes: Background and Future Directions , 2014 .

[45]  A. Woodcock,et al.  Treatment and secondary prevention effects of the probiotics Lactobacillus paracasei or Bifidobacterium lactis on early infant eczema: randomized controlled trial with follow‐up until age 3 years , 2012, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.