The 2021 Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy (SWAB) guidelines for empirical antibacterial therapy of sepsis in adults

[1]  C. Del Mar,et al.  Reporting of adverse events, conflict of interest and funding in randomised controlled trials of antibiotics: a secondary analysis , 2021, BMJ Open.

[2]  Niranjan Kissoon,et al.  Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study , 2020, The Lancet.

[3]  J. Rello,et al.  Antimicrobial de-escalation in critically ill patients: a position statement from a task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) and European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Critically Ill Patients Study Group (ESGCIP) , 2019, Intensive Care Medicine.

[4]  B. Carleton,et al.  Oral Fluoroquinolones and Risk of Mitral and Aortic Regurgitation. , 2019, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[5]  Jing Wang,et al.  Fluoroquinolone Use and the Risk of Collagen-Associated Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2019, Drug Safety.

[6]  J. Rodríguez-Baño,et al.  Rates, predictors and mortality of community-onset bloodstream infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2019, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[7]  A. Perner,et al.  Defining optimal dosing of ciprofloxacin in patients with septic shock. , 2019, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[8]  J. Powers,et al.  Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Discontinuation and Mortality in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. , 2019, Chest.

[9]  G. Rossolini,et al.  AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales: what a clinician should know , 2019, Infection.

[10]  M. Kollef,et al.  Duration of Exposure to Antipseudomonal β‐Lactam Antibiotics in the Critically Ill and Development of New Resistance , 2019, Pharmacotherapy.

[11]  L. Hazell,et al.  Analysis and reporting of adverse events in randomised controlled trials: a review , 2019, BMJ Open.

[12]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Seven versus fourteen Days of Antibiotic Therapy for uncomplicated Gram-negative Bacteremia: a Non-inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial. , 2018, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[13]  Christopher M. Bland,et al.  Reappraisal of Contemporary Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles for Informing Aminoglycoside Dosing , 2018, Pharmacotherapy.

[14]  E. Crouser,et al.  Epidemiology and Costs of Sepsis in the United States—An Analysis Based on Timing of Diagnosis and Severity Level* , 2018, Critical care medicine.

[15]  Maarten J. IJzerman,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic treatment duration in critically ill patients: results from a randomised controlled multicentre trial in the Netherlands , 2018, Critical Care.

[16]  F. Tubach,et al.  Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment in patients with positive blood cultures: A patient-level meta-analysis of randomized trials. , 2018, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[17]  M. Singer,et al.  Antibiotics for Sepsis-Finding the Equilibrium. , 2018, JAMA.

[18]  S. Beatson,et al.  Effect of Piperacillin-Tazobactam vs Meropenem on 30-Day Mortality for Patients With E coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae Bloodstream Infection and Ceftriaxone Resistance: A Randomized Clinical Trial , 2018, JAMA.

[19]  M. Ison,et al.  Appropriateness of Beta-Lactam Allergy Record Updates After an Allergy Service Consult , 2018, Journal of pharmacy practice.

[20]  Chien-Chang Lee,et al.  Oral Fluoroquinolone and the Risk of Aortic Dissection. , 2018, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[21]  M. Nijsten,et al.  Effect of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment on clinical outcomes in intensive care unit patients with infection and sepsis patients: a patient-level meta-analysis of randomized trials , 2018, Critical Care.

[22]  R. Ariano,et al.  Limitations of ceftriaxone compared with cefazolin against MSSA: an integrated pharmacodynamic analysis , 2018, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[23]  R. V. van Hest,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic target attainment of ceftriaxone in adult severely ill sub-Saharan African patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling study , 2018, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[24]  E. Mylonakis,et al.  The Cost-Effectiveness of Rapid Diagnostic Testing for the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections with or without Antimicrobial Stewardship , 2018, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[25]  H. Masur,et al.  Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) POSITION STATEMENT: Why IDSA Did Not Endorse the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines , 2018, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[26]  R. Bonomo,et al.  A Comparison of Cefazolin Versus Ceftriaxone for the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in a Tertiary Care VA Medical Center , 2018, Open forum infectious diseases.

[27]  R. Fowler,et al.  Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Procalcitonin-Guidance Versus Usual Care for Antimicrobial Management in Critically Ill Patients: Focus on Subgroups Based on Antibiotic Initiation, Cessation, or Mixed Strategies* , 2018, Critical care medicine.

[28]  Mitchell M. Levy,et al.  The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update , 2018, Intensive Care Medicine.

[29]  R. V. van Hest,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment of Benzylpenicillin in an Adult Severely Ill Sub-Saharan African Patient Population , 2018, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[30]  M. Bonten,et al.  Development of diagnostic prediction tools for bacteraemia caused by third-generation cephalosporin-resistant enterobacteria in suspected bacterial infections: a nested case-control study. , 2018, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[31]  F. Tubach,et al.  Short-course antibiotic therapy for critically ill patients treated for postoperative intra-abdominal infection: the DURAPOP randomised clinical trial , 2018, Intensive Care Medicine.

[32]  D. Cook,et al.  7 versus 14 days of antibiotic treatment for critically ill patients with bloodstream infection: a pilot randomized clinical trial , 2018, Trials.

[33]  C. Knibbe,et al.  Obesity and drug pharmacology: a review of the influence of obesity on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters , 2018, Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology.

[34]  D. Moore,et al.  Adverse effects of a single dose of gentamicin in adults: a systematic review , 2018, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[35]  A. Zwinderman,et al.  The host response in critically ill sepsis patients on statin therapy: a prospective observational study , 2018, Annals of Intensive Care.

[36]  S. Cosgrove,et al.  Comparing the Outcomes of Adults With Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia Receiving Short-Course Versus Prolonged-Course Antibiotic Therapy in a Multicenter, Propensity Score–Matched Cohort , 2018, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[37]  Scott A. Prentice,et al.  Adjunctive rifampicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (ARREST): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 2017 .

[38]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Determinants of inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2017, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[39]  S. Bozzette,et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Procalcitonin Guidance in Patients With Suspected or Confirmed Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis* , 2017, Critical care medicine.

[40]  S. Verelst,et al.  Higher versus standard amikacin single dose in emergency department patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a randomised controlled trial. , 2017, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[41]  J. Roberts,et al.  Prolonged Infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam Decreases Mortality and Improves Outcomes in Severely Ill Patients: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis* , 2017, Critical care medicine.

[42]  A. Robicsek,et al.  Utility of prior cultures in predicting antibiotic resistance of bloodstream infections due to Gram-negative pathogens: a multicentre observational cohort study. , 2017, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[43]  P. M. van de Ven,et al.  Prehospital antibiotics in the ambulance for sepsis: a multicentre, open label, randomised trial. , 2018, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[44]  M. Falagas,et al.  Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal β-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. , 2018, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[45]  R. Sawyer.  Trial of Short-Course Antimicrobial Therapy for Intraabdominal Infection. , 2018, The New England journal of medicine.

[46]  G. Decavalas,et al.  Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock , 2018 .

[47]  W. Boersma,et al.  Management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 guideline update from the Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy (SWAB) and Dutch Association of Chest Physicians (NVALT). , 2018, The Netherlands journal of medicine.

[48]  P. Tamma,et al.  Point-Counterpoint: Piperacillin-Tazobactam Should Be Used To Treat Infections with Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Positive Organisms , 2017, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[49]  Á. Soriano,et al.  Influence of empirical double-active combination antimicrobial therapy compared with active monotherapy on mortality in patients with septic shock: a propensity score-adjusted and matched analysis , 2017, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[50]  T. Leenstra,et al.  National laboratory-based surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance: a successful tool to support the control of antimicrobial resistance in the Netherlands , 2017, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[51]  A. Oliver,et al.  Empiric Therapy With Carbapenem-Sparing Regimens for Bloodstream Infections due to Extended-Spectrum &bgr;-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Results From the INCREMENT Cohort , 2017, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[52]  S. Alzghari,et al.  Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Bolus of Beta-Lactams in Critically Ill Patients with Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2017, European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics.

[53]  Susan Gruber,et al.  Incidence and Trends of Sepsis in US Hospitals Using Clinical vs Claims Data, 2009-2014 , 2017, JAMA.

[54]  M. D. de Jong,et al.  Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin Peak Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients , 2017, Therapeutic drug monitoring.

[55]  M. Singer.  Antibiotics for Sepsis: Does Each Hour Really Count, or Is It Incestuous Amplification? , 2017, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[56]  G. Escobar,et al.  The Timing of Early Antibiotics and Hospital Mortality in Sepsis , 2017, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[57]  C. Cocanour,et al.  Longer-Duration Antimicrobial Therapy Does Not Prevent Treatment Failure in High-Risk Patients with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections. , 2017, Surgical Infections.

[58]  Kayla R. Stover,et al.  Ceftriaxone for the Treatment of Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Case Series , 2017, Journal of pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics.

[59]  V. Cooper,et al.  Ceftolozane-Tazobactam for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: Clinical Effectiveness and Evolution of Resistance , 2017, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[60]  T. van der Poll,et al.  Short-Course Adjunctive Gentamicin as Empirical Therapy in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study , 2017, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[61]  M. Hellmich,et al.  Combination antimicrobial therapy in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia-a post hoc analysis in 964 prospectively evaluated patients. , 2017, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[62]  Hiroyuki Suzuki,et al.  A 10-year profile of enterococcal bloodstream infections at a tertiary-care hospital in Japan. , 2017, Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.

[63]  S. Lemeshow,et al.  Time to Treatment and Mortality during Mandated Emergency Care for Sepsis , 2017, The New England journal of medicine.

[64]  S. Jaber,et al.  Repeated Piperacillin-Tazobactam Plasma Concentration Measurements in Severely Obese Versus Nonobese Critically Ill Septic Patients and the Risk of Under– and Overdosing* , 2017, Critical care medicine.

[65]  L. Sandvik,et al.  Vancomycin levels are frequently subtherapeutic in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study , 2017, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[66]  M. Knol,et al.  Treatment duration of febrile urinary tract infection: a pragmatic randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled non-inferiority trial in men and women , 2017, BMC Medicine.

[67]  E. Mylonakis,et al.  Comparison Between Carbapenems and β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitors in the Treatment for Bloodstream Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2017, Open forum infectious diseases.

[68]  S. Karanika,et al.  ICU Acquisition Rate, Risk Factors, and Clinical Significance of Digestive Tract Colonization With Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis* , 2017, Critical care medicine.

[69]  A. Perner,et al.  Empirical mono- versus combination antibiotic therapy in adult intensive care patients with severe sepsis - A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. , 2017, The Journal of infection.

[70]  A. Uhlemann,et al.  Piperacillin-Tazobactam versus Other Antibacterial Agents for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Due to AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae , 2017, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[71]  Sangeeta Mehta,et al.  Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016 , 2017, Intensive Care Medicine.

[72]  H. Albrecht,et al.  Application of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Score in Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections , 2017, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[73]  John T. Menchaca,et al.  Estimating Ten‐Year Trends in Septic Shock Incidence and Mortality in United States Academic Medical Centers Using Clinical Data , 2017, Chest.

[74]  M. Pulia,et al.  Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Management of Sepsis. , 2017, Emergency medicine clinics of North America.

[75]  F. Månsson,et al.  Antimicrobial combination treatment including ciprofloxacin decreased the mortality rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: a retrospective cohort study , 2017, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[76]  M. Roberts,et al.  Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin in Nonobese, Obese, and Morbidly Obese Critically Ill Patients , 2017, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[77]  C. Brun-Buisson,et al.  Predominance of healthcare-associated cases among episodes of community-onset bacteraemia due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. , 2017, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[78]  M. Levy,et al.  Impact of Source Control in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock* , 2017, Critical care medicine.

[79]  D. Paterson,et al.  Efficacy of ceftolozane/tazobactam against urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections caused by ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: a pooled analysis of Phase 3 clinical trials , 2017, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[80]  M. Rosengart,et al.  The Surgical Infection Society Revised Guidelines on the Management of Intra-Abdominal Infection. , 2017, Surgical infections.

[81]  A. Adler,et al.  A prospective survey of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and infection in the intensive care unit , 2017, Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control.

[82]  B. Kreiswirth,et al.  Emergence of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Resistance Due to Plasmid-Borne blaKPC-3 Mutations during Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections , 2016, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[83]  H. Albrecht,et al.  Clinical Risk Score for Prediction of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Bloodstream Isolates , 2016, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[84]  R. Weinstein,et al.  Antimicrobial Stewardship: How the Microbiology Laboratory Can Right the Ship , 2016, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[85]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Guideline panels should seldom make good practice statements: guidance from the GRADE Working Group. , 2016, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[86]  M. Paul,et al.  Antibiotic de-escalation for bloodstream infections and pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2016, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[87]  S. Karanika,et al.  Colonisation with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and risk for infection among patients with solid or haematological malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2016, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[88]  A. Järvinen,et al.  Comparable Effectiveness of First Week Treatment with Anti-Staphylococcal Penicillin versus Cephalosporin in Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Propensity-Score Adjusted Retrospective Study , 2016, PloS one.

[89]  P. Montravers,et al.  Impact of a high loading dose of amikacin in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock , 2016, Annals of Intensive Care.

[90]  S. Zhai,et al.  Therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin: a guideline of the Division of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Chinese Pharmacological Society. , 2016, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[91]  F. Alla,et al.  Factors associated with 12 week case-fatality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a prospective cohort study. , 2016, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[92]  M. V. van Driel,et al.  Antibiotics for ventilator-associated pneumonia. , 2016, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[93]  M. Cheng,et al.  Using MRSA Screening Tests To Predict Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia , 2016, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[94]  D. MacFadden,et al.  Impact of Reported Beta-Lactam Allergy on Inpatient Outcomes: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[95]  Pranita D. Tamma,et al.  A Clinical Decision Tree to Predict Whether a Bacteremic Patient Is Infected With an Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Organism. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[96]  R. Bellomo,et al.  Continuous versus Intermittent β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomized Trials. , 2016, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[97]  N. Ampel,et al.  2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[98]  Ying Guo,et al.  De-escalation of empiric antibiotics in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: A meta-analysis. , 2016, Heart & lung : the journal of critical care.

[99]  Peggy Cruse,et al.  Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[100]  C. Sandoval.  Short-Course Versus Prolonged-Course Antibiotic Therapy for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Critically Ill Adults. , 2016, Critical care nurse.

[101]  K. Wada,et al.  Optimal Treatment for Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Combined Therapy With Metronidazole , 2016, Open forum infectious diseases.

[102]  Tom Dormans,et al.  Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: a randomised, controlled, open-label trial. , 2016, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[103]  Alexander R. Levine,et al.  Daily vancomycin dose requirements as a continuous infusion in obese versus non-obese SICU patients , 2016, Critical Care.

[104]  A. El‐Solh,et al.  Prolonged versus Intermittent Infusion of β-Lactams for the Treatment of Nosocomial Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis , 2016, Infection & chemotherapy.

[105]  M. Roberts,et al.  Effect of Obesity on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem in Critically Ill Patients , 2016, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[106]  S. Magill,et al.  Causative Organisms and Associated Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare-Associated, Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections From Oncology Settings, 2009-2012. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[107]  N. Allou,et al.  A study to evaluate the first dose of gentamicin needed to achieve a peak plasma concentration of 30 mg/l in patients hospitalized for severe sepsis , 2016, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[108]  S. Karanika,et al.  Fecal Colonization With Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Risk Factors Among Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[109]  A. Oliver,et al.  A Multinational, Preregistered Cohort Study of β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Due to Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae , 2016, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[110]  T. Leenstra,et al.  Detection and epidemiology of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae in the Netherlands in 2013–2014 , 2016, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[111]  J. Timsit,et al.  A Systematic Review of the Definitions, Determinants, and Clinical Outcomes of Antimicrobial De-escalation in the Intensive Care Unit. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[112]  F. Taccone,et al.  Effect of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials in critically ill patients: A structured review. , 2016, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[113]  E. P. Dellinger,et al.  Patients with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection Presenting with Sepsis Do Not Require Longer Duration of Antimicrobial Therapy. , 2016, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[114]  B. Gadeyne,et al.  Impact of de-escalation of beta-lactam antibiotics on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in ICU patients: a retrospective observational study , 2016, Intensive Care Medicine.

[115]  Christopher W Seymour,et al.  Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). , 2016, JAMA.

[116]  T. Rea,et al.  Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). , 2016, JAMA.

[117]  R. Bellomo,et al.  The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). , 2016, JAMA.

[118]  J. Sobel,et al.  Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. , 2016, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[119]  D. Cook,et al.  Duration of Antimicrobial Treatment for Bacteremia in Canadian Critically Ill Patients* , 2016, Critical care medicine.

[120]  G. Guyatt,et al.  A number of factors explain why WHO guideline developers make strong recommendations inconsistent with GRADE guidance. , 2016, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[121]  T. Talbot,et al.  Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter, Citrobacter or Serratia species: a systematic review with meta-analysis. , 2016, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[122]  L. Leibovici,et al.  STROBE-AMS: recommendations to optimise reporting of epidemiological studies on antimicrobial resistance and informing improvement in antimicrobial stewardship , 2016, BMJ Open.

[123]  F. Holleman,et al.  Epidemiology of Sepsis and Its Recognition by Emergency Medical Services Personnel in the Netherlands , 2016, Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors.

[124]  J. Quenot,et al.  Significance of Prior Digestive Colonization With Extended-Spectrum &bgr;-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Patients With Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia* , 2015, Critical care medicine.

[125]  Jing-jing Hao,et al.  Continuous versus intermittent infusion of vancomycin in adult patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2016, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[126]  A. Costa-Pereira,et al.  Microbiology of healthcare-associated infections and the definition accuracy to predict infection by potentially drug resistant pathogens: a systematic review , 2015, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[127]  James H Derzon,et al.  Effectiveness of Practices To Increase Timeliness of Providing Targeted Therapy for Inpatients with Bloodstream Infections: a Laboratory Medicine Best Practices Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2015, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[128]  G. Raman,et al.  Appropriate initial antibiotic therapy in hospitalized patients with gram-negative infections: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2015, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[129]  J. Kluytmans,et al.  Trends in Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among Dutch Clinical Isolates, from 2008 to 2012 , 2015, PloS one.

[130]  T. van der Poll,et al.  Likelihood of infection in patients with presumed sepsis at the time of intensive care unit admission: a cohort study , 2015, Critical Care.

[131]  M. Puskarich,et al.  The Impact of Timing of Antibiotics on Outcomes in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis* , 2015, Critical care medicine.

[132]  R. Walensky,et al.  Improving Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia and Reported Penicillin Allergy. , 2015, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[133]  Richard Pugh,et al.  Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[134]  Y. Golan.  Empiric therapy for hospital-acquired, Gram-negative complicated intra-abdominal infection and complicated urinary tract infections: a systematic literature review of current and emerging treatment options , 2015, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[135]  M. Bonten,et al.  Predictive value of prior colonization and antibiotic use for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant enterobacteriaceae bacteremia in patients with sepsis. , 2015, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[136]  Shruti Sharma,et al.  Carbapenems Versus Piperacillin-Tazobactam for Bloodstream Infections of Nonurinary Source Caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae , 2015, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[137]  R. Darouiche,et al.  Ceftolozane-tazobactam compared with levofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary-tract infections, including pyelonephritis: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial (ASPECT-cUTI) , 2015, The Lancet.

[138]  S. Cosgrove,et al.  Carbapenem therapy is associated with improved survival compared with piperacillin-tazobactam for patients with extended-spectrum β-lactamase bacteremia. , 2015, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[139]  D. Bates,et al.  Predicting bacteraemia in validated models--a systematic review. , 2015, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[140]  A. Romano,et al.  Tolerability of aztreonam and carbapenems in patients with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to penicillins. , 2015, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[141]  K. Kaye,et al.  Appropriate antimicrobial therapy in the era of multidrug-resistant human pathogens. , 2015, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[142]  J. Bergs,et al.  Incidence and outcome of inappropriate in-hospital empiric antibiotics for severe infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2015, Critical Care.

[143]  P. Barie,et al.  Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Plus Metronidazole for Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections in an Era of Multidrug Resistance: Results From a Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Trial (ASPECT-cIAI) , 2015, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[144]  P. Whiting,et al.  Procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic therapy for the treatment of sepsis in intensive care settings and for suspected bacterial infection in emergency department settings: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. , 2015, Health technology assessment.

[145]  N. Anstey,et al.  Long Term Outcomes Following Hospital Admission for Sepsis Using Relative Survival Analysis: A Prospective Cohort Study of 1,092 Patients with 5 Year Follow Up , 2014, PloS one.

[146]  H. Spapen,et al.  Prolonged vs intermittent infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam in critically ill patients: a narrative and systematic review. , 2014, Journal of critical care.

[147]  M. Kollef,et al.  Using the Number Needed to Treat to Assess Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy as a Determinant of Outcome in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock* , 2014, Critical care medicine.

[148]  J. Tellado,et al.  Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in hospitalized patients with secondary peritonitis: pooled analysis of four randomized phase III trials. , 2014, Surgical infections.

[149]  J. Lentino,et al.  Outcomes of ceftriaxone use compared to standard of therapy in methicillin susceptible staphylococcal aureus (MSSA) bloodstream infections , 2014, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.

[150]  R. Sawyer,et al.  Association of excessive duration of antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infection with subsequent extra-abdominal infection and death: a study of 2,552 consecutive infections. , 2014, Surgical infections.

[151]  K. Baumstarck,et al.  De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis: a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial , 2014, Intensive Care Medicine.

[152]  M. Levy,et al.  Empiric Antibiotic Treatment Reduces Mortality in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock From the First Hour: Results From a Guideline-Based Performance Improvement Program* , 2014, Critical care medicine.

[153]  Bryan T Grenfell,et al.  Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. , 2014, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[154]  G. Djordjević,et al.  A systematic review: can one prescribe carbapenems to patients with IgE-mediated allergy to penicillins or cephalosporins? , 2014, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[155]  S. Msika,et al.  Effect of postoperative antibiotic administration on postoperative infection following cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis: a randomized clinical trial. , 2014, JAMA.

[156]  P. Bégin,et al.  Skin testing only with penicillin G in children with a history of penicillin allergy. , 2014, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[157]  Michael N Neely,et al.  Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill: challenges and potential solutions. , 2014, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[158]  C. Pierrakos,et al.  Pharmacokinetic Changes and Dosing Modification of Aminoglycosides in Critically Ill Obese Patients: A Literature Review , 2014, Journal of clinical medicine research.

[159]  Anand Kumar,et al.  Association between source of infection and hospital mortality in patients who have septic shock. , 2014, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[160]  J. Rello,et al.  Does contemporary vancomycin dosing achieve therapeutic targets in a heterogeneous clinical cohort of critically ill patients? Data from the multinational DALI study , 2014, Critical Care.

[161]  A. Kwa,et al.  Prolonged infusion versus intermittent boluses of β-lactam antibiotics for treatment of acute infections: a meta-analysis. , 2014, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[162]  Hassane Njimi,et al.  Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: the intensive care over nations (ICON) audit. , 2014, The Lancet. Respiratory medicine.

[163]  M. Bonten,et al.  Electronic implementation of a novel surveillance paradigm for ventilator-associated events. Feasibility and validation. , 2014, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[164]  K. Park,et al.  Risk factors for mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia; retrospective study of impact of combination antimicrobial therapy , 2014, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[165]  K. Shea,et al.  Steady‐state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meropenem in morbidly obese patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit , 2014, Journal of clinical pharmacology.

[166]  M. Ferjani,et al.  Incidence, risk factors and microbiology of central vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection in an intensive care unit. , 2014, Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.

[167]  D. Nicolau,et al.  Prolonging β-lactam infusion: a review of the rationale and evidence, and guidance for implementation. , 2014, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[168]  K. Rodvold,et al.  Aminoglycoside dosing in patients by kidney function and area under the curve: the Sawchuk-Zaske dosing method revisited in the era of obesity. , 2014, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[169]  K. Gradel,et al.  Incidence, clinical characteristics and 30-day mortality of enterococcal bacteraemia in Denmark 2006-2009: a population-based cohort study. , 2014, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[170]  Herman Goossens,et al.  A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance , 2014, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[171]  P. He,et al.  Combination antibiotic therapy versus monotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: a meta-analysis of retrospective and prospective studies. , 2013, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[172]  E. Phillips,et al.  Antimicrobial stewardship's new weapon? A review of antibiotic allergy and pathways to 'de-labeling'. , 2013, Current opinion in infectious diseases.

[173]  M. Kollef,et al.  Short- vs long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2013, Chest.

[174]  M. L. Leverstein-van Hall,et al.  Consequences of switching from a fixed 2 : 1 ratio of amoxicillin/clavulanate (CLSI) to a fixed concentration of clavulanate (EUCAST) for susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli. , 2013, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[175]  S. Zhai,et al.  Benefits of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2013, PloS one.

[176]  A. Robicsek,et al.  Utility of prior screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in predicting resistance of S. aureus infections , 2013, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[177]  T. van der Poll,et al.  Interobserver Agreement of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Criteria for Classifying Infections in Critically Ill Patients* , 2013, Critical care medicine.

[178]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection-- 7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2013, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[179]  A. Oliver,et al.  Effect of adequate single-drug vs combination antimicrobial therapy on mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: a post Hoc analysis of a prospective cohort. , 2013, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[180]  M. Netea,et al.  Immunotherapy for the adjunctive treatment of sepsis: from immunosuppression to immunostimulation. Time for a paradigm change? , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[181]  M. Falagas,et al.  Extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of cephalosporins: a meta-analysis , 2013, Expert review of anti-infective therapy.

[182]  R. Hasbún,et al.  Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: a comparison of cefazolin and ceftriaxone , 2013, Infection.

[183]  M. Bos,et al.  Bloodstream infections in patients with or without cancer in a large community hospital , 2013, Infection.

[184]  M. Bonten,et al.  Appropriateness of Empirical Treatment and Outcome in Bacteremia Caused by Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria , 2013, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[185]  M. Falagas,et al.  β-Lactam plus aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone combination versus β-lactam monotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis. , 2013, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[186]  M. Wasdell,et al.  Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[187]  Steven W. Johnson,et al.  Utility of a Clinical Risk Factor Scoring Model in Predicting Infection with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae on Hospital Admission , 2013, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[188]  C. Diazgranados,et al.  High vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration and clinical outcomes in adults with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a meta-analysis. , 2013, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[189]  M. Falagas,et al.  Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2013, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[190]  E. Stobberingh,et al.  SWAB Guidelines for Antimicrobial Therapy of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections in Adults , 2013 .

[191]  R. Fowler,et al.  Duration of antibiotic therapy for critically ill patients with bloodstream infections: A retrospective cohort study. , 2013, The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale.

[192]  C. Hoebe,et al.  The ciprofloxacin target AUC : MIC ratio is not reached in hospitalized patients with the recommended dosing regimens. , 2013, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[193]  V. Tam,et al.  Outcomes of Appropriate Empiric Combination versus Monotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteremia , 2012, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[194]  A. Wolc,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients after the first intravenous administration of 400 mg. , 2012, Advances in medical sciences.

[195]  M. Falagas,et al.  Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bacteraemia due to Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2012, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[196]  M. Catani,et al.  Complicated intra-abdominal infections in Europe: a comprehensive review of the CIAO study , 2012, World Journal of Emergency Surgery.

[197]  R. Cauda,et al.  Detecting risk and predicting patient mortality in patients with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections. , 2012, Future microbiology.

[198]  J. Ferguson,et al.  Antibiotic therapy for inducible AmpC β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli: what are the alternatives to carbapenems, quinolones and aminoglycosides? , 2012, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[199]  A. Detsky,et al.  Does this adult patient with suspected bacteremia require blood cultures? , 2012, JAMA.

[200]  M. Büchler,et al.  Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized trial. , 2012, JAMA.

[201]  M. Bonten,et al.  Effects of confounders and intermediates on the association of bacteraemia caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and patient outcome: a meta-analysis. , 2012, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[202]  M. Falagas,et al.  Impact of Antibiotic MIC on Infection Outcome in Patients with Susceptible Gram-Negative Bacteria: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2012, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[203]  R. Pedersen,et al.  Efficacy of tigecycline versus ceftriaxone plus metronidazole for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: results from a randomized, controlled trial. , 2012, Surgical infections.

[204]  C. Sprung,et al.  Temporal trends in patient characteristics and survival of intensive care admissions with sepsis: A multicenter analysis* , 2012, Critical care medicine.

[205]  D. Warren,et al.  A retrospective comparison of ceftriaxone versus oxacillin for osteoarticular infections due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. , 2012, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[206]  A. MacGowan,et al.  The role of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in setting clinical MIC breakpoints: the EUCAST approach. , 2012, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[207]  X. Deng,et al.  Moxifloxacin monotherapy for treatment of complicated intra‐abdominal infections: a meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials , 2012, International journal of clinical practice.

[208]  R. Fowler,et al.  Duration of antibiotic therapy for bacteremia: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2011, Critical care.

[209]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Are all beta-lactams similarly effective in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia? , 2011, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[210]  J. Gonçalves-Pereira,et al.  Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of β-lactams , 2011, Critical care.

[211]  G. Dumyati,et al.  Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. , 2011, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[212]  J. Jensen,et al.  Mortality in enterococcal bloodstream infections increases with inappropriate antimicrobial therapy. , 2011, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[213]  M. van den Boogaard,et al.  The effects of implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in the Netherlands. , 2011, The Netherlands journal of medicine.

[214]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Clinical implications of β-lactam-aminoglycoside synergism: systematic review of randomised trials. , 2011, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[215]  M. Bassetti,et al.  Identifying Patients Harboring Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae on Hospital Admission: Derivation and Validation of a Scoring System , 2011, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[216]  J. A. Kaan,et al.  Selective digestive tract decontamination and selective oropharyngeal decontamination and antibiotic resistance in patients in intensive-care units: an open-label, clustered group-randomised, crossover study. , 2011, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[217]  R. Wunderink,et al.  Management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[218]  J. Roberts,et al.  Antimicrobial pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues in the critically ill with severe sepsis and septic shock. , 2011, Critical care clinics.

[219]  S. Luque,et al.  [Mortality risk factors for bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms]. , 2011, Revista clínica española (Ed. impresa).

[220]  E. V. van Maarseveen,et al.  [Continuous and intermittent infusion of vancomycin equally effective: review of the literature]. , 2011, Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde.

[221]  Sanjay Saint,et al.  Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. , 2011, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[222]  Gene Feder,et al.  AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. , 2010, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[223]  Y. Chuang,et al.  Comparison of tigecycline with imipenem/cilastatin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia. , 2010, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[224]  S. Lapinsky,et al.  Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock: A propensity-matched analysis* , 2010, Critical care medicine.

[225]  M. Singer,et al.  Antibiotic use and impact on outcome from bacteraemic critical illness: the BActeraemia Study in Intensive Care (BASIC). , 2010, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[226]  Leonard Leibovici,et al.  Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Appropriate Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Sepsis , 2010, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[227]  T. Babinchak,et al.  A multicentre, open-label, randomized comparative study of tigecycline versus ceftriaxone sodium plus metronidazole for the treatment of hospitalized subjects with complicated intra-abdominal infections. , 2010, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[228]  Anand Kumar,et al.  A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: A meta-analytic/meta-regression study , 2010, Critical care medicine.

[229]  R. Ariano,et al.  Support for higher ciprofloxacin AUC 24/MIC targets in treating Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection. , 2010, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[230]  Frédérique Jacobs,et al.  Insufficient β-lactam concentrations in the early phase of severe sepsis and septic shock , 2010, Critical care.

[231]  M. Roberts,et al.  First-dose and steady-state population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin by continuous or intermittent dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis. , 2010, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[232]  Á. Atallah,et al.  De-escalation of antimicrobial treatment for adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[233]  P. Pickkers,et al.  Antibacterial therapy of adult patients with Sepsis , 2010 .

[234]  D. Church,et al.  Clinical outcome of empiric antimicrobial therapy of bacteremia due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae , 2010, BMC Research Notes.

[235]  Anand Kumar,et al.  Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. , 2009, Chest.

[236]  M. Antonelli,et al.  Antibiotic Usage and Risk of Colonization and Infection with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: a Hospital Population-Based Study , 2009, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[237]  C. Lindsell,et al.  The use of penicillin skin testing to assess the prevalence of penicillin allergy in an emergency department setting. , 2009, Annals of emergency medicine.

[238]  M. Roberts,et al.  Meropenem dosing in critically ill patients with sepsis and without renal dysfunction: intermittent bolus versus continuous administration? Monte Carlo dosing simulations and subcutaneous tissue distribution. , 2009, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[239]  D. Warren,et al.  Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. , 2009, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[240]  P. Bousquet,et al.  Update on the evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to betalactams. , 2009, Allergy.

[241]  S. McBride,et al.  Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia—a five-year retrospective review , 2009, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[242]  K. Polderman,et al.  Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study. , 2008, Journal of critical care.

[243]  G. Guyatt,et al.  GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[244]  M. Niederman,et al.  Efficacy and safety of doripenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, open-label, multicenter study. , 2008, Current medical research and opinion.

[245]  S. Choi,et al.  Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance during Therapy for Infections Caused by Enterobacteriaceae Producing AmpC β-Lactamase: Implications for Antibiotic Use , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[246]  G. Drusano,et al.  Back to the future: using aminoglycosides again and how to dose them optimally. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[247]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Efficacy and safety of aminoglycoside monotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2007, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[248]  J. Rello,et al.  Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and shock* , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[249]  D. Matthaiou,et al.  Meta‐analysis: randomized controlled trials of clindamycin/aminoglycoside vs. β‐lactam monotherapy for the treatment of intra‐abdominal infections , 2007 .

[250]  R. Boots,et al.  Is continuous infusion ceftriaxone better than once-a-day dosing in intensive care? A randomized controlled pilot study. , 2006, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[251]  M. Falagas,et al.  Meta-analysis: randomized controlled trials of clindamycin/aminoglycoside vs. beta-lactam monotherapy for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. , 2007, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[252]  Alan Forrest,et al.  Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial therapy: it's not just for mice anymore. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[253]  James T.C. Li,et al.  Safety and effectiveness of a preoperative allergy clinic in decreasing vancomycin use in patients with a history of penicillin allergy. , 2006, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[254]  M. Falagas,et al.  Ciprofloxacin/metronidazole versus beta-lactam-based treatment of intra-abdominal infections: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. , 2006, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[255]  T. Marrie,et al.  Addition of a macrolide to a ß-lactam in bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia , 2006, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[256]  F. Scaglione,et al.  Influence of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of antibacterials in their dosing regimen selection , 2006, Expert review of anti-infective therapy.

[257]  K. Wood,et al.  Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[258]  C. Sprung,et al.  Sepsis in European intensive care units: Results of the SOAP study* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[259]  K. Soares-Weiser,et al.  Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[260]  R. Ariano,et al.  Evaluating Ciprofloxacin Dosing for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection by Using Clinical Outcome-Based Monte Carlo Simulations , 2005, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[261]  M. Falagas,et al.  Continuous versus intermittent intravenous administration of antibiotics: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. , 2005, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[262]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Outcome measures for clinical research in sepsis: A report of the 2nd Cambridge Colloquium of the International Sepsis Forum , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[263]  M. Falagas,et al.  Effect of aminoglycoside and beta-lactam combination therapy versus beta-lactam monotherapy on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[264]  S. Wong,et al.  OPTIMUM DURATION OF PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS IN ACUTE NON‐PERFORATED APPENDICITIS , 2005, ANZ journal of surgery.

[265]  Soumitra R. Eachempati,et al.  Influence of antibiotic therapy on mortality of critical surgical illness caused or complicated by infection. , 2005, Surgical infections.

[266]  Miguel Park,et al.  Diagnosis and management of penicillin allergy. , 2005, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[267]  Shu-chen Wu,et al.  Levofloxacin for treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a subgroup analysis from a randomized trial. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[268]  D. Snydman,et al.  Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. , 2004, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[269]  D. Dooley,et al.  Comparison of short-course (5 days) and standard (10 days) treatment for uncomplicated cellulitis. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[270]  R. Wenzel,et al.  Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[271]  J. Handelsman,et al.  Does combination antimicrobial therapy reduce mortality in Gram-negative bacteraemia? A meta-analysis. , 2004, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[272]  H. Goossens,et al.  Antibiotic therapy for Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: implications of production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[273]  B. van Hout,et al.  Prevalence and incidence of severe sepsis in Dutch intensive care units , 2004, Critical care.

[274]  R. Bellomo,et al.  Adult-population incidence of severe sepsis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[275]  Y. Almog,et al.  Pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides: a controlled trial. , 2003, The American journal of medicine.

[276]  Hilde van der Togt,et al.  Publisher's Note , 2003, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[277]  R. Burchette,et al.  Oral antibiotic adverse reactions after penicillin skin testing: multi‐year follow‐up , 2002, Allergy.

[278]  J. Bartelsman,et al.  Duration of antibiotic therapy for cholangitis after successful endoscopic drainage of the biliary tract. , 2002, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[279]  P. Dijken,et al.  Anaphylaxis after first exposure to ceftriaxone , 2002, Acta paediatrica.

[280]  A. Nathens,et al.  Aminoglycosides for intra-abdominal infection: equal to the challenge? , 2002, Surgical infections.

[281]  G. Clermont,et al.  Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care , 2001, Critical care medicine.

[282]  P. Cuddy,et al.  The rational clinical examination. Is this patient allergic to penicillin? An evidence-based analysis of the likelihood of penicillin allergy. , 2001, JAMA.

[283]  J. R. Scotti,et al.  Available From , 1973 .

[284]  M. Postelnick,et al.  The incidence of antimicrobial allergies in hospitalized patients: implications regarding prescribing patterns and emerging bacterial resistance. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.

[285]  G Sherman,et al.  The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. , 2000, Chest.

[286]  M H Samore,et al.  Prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis after cardiovascular surgery and its effect on surgical site infections and antimicrobial resistance. , 2000, Circulation.

[287]  A. Romano,et al.  Natural evolution of skin test sensitivity in patients allergic to β-lactam antibiotics , 1999 .

[288]  A. Vinks,et al.  Impact of goal-oriented and model-based clinical pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides on clinical outcome: a cost-effectiveness analysis. , 1999, Therapeutic drug monitoring.

[289]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Monotherapy versus beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination treatment for gram-negative bacteremia: a prospective, observational study , 1997, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[290]  B. Littenberg,et al.  A meta-analysis of extended-interval dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides. , 1997, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[291]  M. Goetz,et al.  A meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and toxicity of single daily dosing versus multiple daily dosing of aminoglycosides. , 1997, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[292]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  Single or multiple daily doses of aminoglycosides: a meta- analysis , 1996, BMJ.

[293]  R. Hatala,et al.  Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. , 1996, Annals of internal medicine.

[294]  M. Spence,et al.  Clinical experience with penicillin skin testing in a large inner-city STD clinic. , 1993, JAMA.

[295]  J J Schentag,et al.  Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients , 1993, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[296]  S. Lemeshow,et al.  A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. , 1993, JAMA.

[297]  V L Yu,et al.  Enterobacter bacteremia: clinical features and emergence of antibiotic resistance during therapy. , 1991, Annals of internal medicine.

[298]  R. Stahlmann,et al.  Safety profile of the quinolones. , 1990, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[299]  V. Yu,et al.  Antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: outcome correlations in a prospective study of 200 patients. , 1989, The American journal of medicine.

[300]  R. Moore,et al.  Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration. , 1987, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[301]  L. Mendelson,et al.  Routine elective penicillin allergy skin testing in children and adolescents: study of sensitization. , 1984, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[302]  H. Wedner,et al.  Skin testing to detect penicillin allergy. , 1981, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.