Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

Zusammenfassung Der Begriff Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) beschreibt den plötzlichen, nicht durch organische Erkrankungen, Verletzungen oder Intoxikationen bedingten Tod eines Epilepsie-Patienten. Insbesondere Menschen mit therapierefraktärer Epilepsie sind durch SUDEP gefährdet. Die Frequenz generalisierter tonisch-klonischer Anfälle stellt den Hauptrisikofaktor dar; zu den weiteren Risikofaktoren zählen männliches Geschlecht, früher Beginn und lange Dauer der Epilepsie sowie nächtliche Anfälle. Eine antikonvulsive Polypharmakotherapie stellt nach neueren Erkenntnissen keinen unabhängigen Risikofaktor dar. Im Rahmen der MORTEMUS-Studie, die SUDEP- Fälle während eines Video-EEG-Monitorings untersuchte, wurde ein gemeinsames Muster der terminalen Ereignisse deutlich: Nach einem generalisierten tonisch-klonischen Anfall mit postiktaler EEG-Suppression entwickelte sich in einem Zeitraum von drei bis elf Minuten aus einer initialen Tachypnoe über eine Bradypnoe schließlich eine Apnoe gefolgt von Bradykardie und Asystolie. Pathophysiologisch scheint demnach ein durch einen tonisch-klonischen Anfall induzierter neurovegetativer Shutdown eine zentral vermittelte kardiale und respiratorische Funktionsstörung auszulösen, die zum Tod des Patienten führt. Effektivste Maßnahme zur Senkung des individuellen Risikos für SUDEP ist daher die bestmögliche Anfallskontrolle und insbesondere die Reduktion generalisierter tonisch-klonischer Anfälle. Risikopatienten sollten über SUDEP aufgeklärt sein. Inwieweit eine nächtliche Überwachung sinnvoll ist, muss im Einzelfall unter strenger Berücksichtigung der persönlichen Autonomie und Lebensqualität des Patienten entschieden werden.

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