Air Quality Management of Multiple Pollutants and Multiple Effects

Multiple complex relationships between several pollutants and effects on human health, visibility, climate, odours, material, and ecosystems are demonstrated. There is no simple way to manage multiple effects of multiple pollutants, but consideration of these relationships will enhance the value of air quality management, add benefits to counteract the costs of emission reduction measures, and increase the probability that measures to improve one effect will not result in other adverse effects. Simple first steps include: going beyond compliance in air quality monitoring and source characterization, evaluating the effects of precursor emissions reductions on both O3 and PM2.5 through modelling, and estimating the values of co-benefits for multiple effects.