Wheel–rail impact and the dynamic forces at discrete supports of rails in the presence of singular rail surface defects

A validated three-dimensional (3D) transient finite element model is used to evaluate the wheel–rail impact at singular rail surface defects and the resulted high-frequency dynamic forces at the discrete supports of the rail. A typical ballasted railway track is modeled, in which the supports of the rail are composed of the fastenings, the sleepers, and the ballast. The primary suspension of the vehicle is considered. To include all the important eigen characteristics of the vehicle–track system, the wheel set, the rail, and the sleepers are all meshed using 3D solid elements. The transient wheel–rail rolling contact is solved using a surface-to-surface contact algorithm in the time domain. By simulating the steady-state rolling of a wheel set on a smooth rail, the vertical force distribution at the discrete supports is first compared with Zimmermann solution. Afterward, rail surface defects are applied to calculate the resulted dynamic forces at thewheel–rail interface and at the discrete supports of the rail under different rolling speeds. The obtained dynamic responses confirm the necessity of using such a detailed model for the investigations.

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