Analysis of In-to-Out Wireless Body Area Network Systems: Towards QoS-Aware Health Internet of Things Applications

In this paper, an analytical and accurate in-to-out (I2O) human body path loss (PL) model at 2.45 GHz is derived based on a 3D heterogeneous human body model under safety constraints. The bit error rate (BER) performance for this channel using multiple efficient modulation schemes is investigated and the link budget is analyzed based on a predetermined satisfactory BER of 10−3. In addition, an incremental relay-based cooperative quality of service-aware (QoS-aware) routing protocol for the proposed I2O WBAN is presented and compared with an existing scheme. Linear programming QoS metric expressions are derived and employed to maximize the network lifetime, throughput, minimizing delay. Results show that binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) outperforms other modulation techniques for the proposed I2O WBAN systems, enabling the support of a 30 Mbps data transmission rate up to 1.6 m and affording more reliable communication links when the transmitter power is increased. Moreover, the proposed incremental cooperative routing protocol outperforms the existing two-relay technique in terms of energy efficiency. Open issues and on-going research within the I2O WBAN area are presented and discussed as an inspiration towards developments in health IoT applications.

[1]  Lida Xu,et al.  IoT-Based Smart Rehabilitation System , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[2]  Özlem Durmaz Incel,et al.  QoS-aware MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey , 2011, Comput. Networks.

[3]  G. Vermeeren,et al.  In-body Path Loss Model for Homogeneous Human Tissues , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[4]  Salina Abdul Samad,et al.  Modulation Techniques for Biomedical Implanted Devices and Their Challenges , 2011, Sensors.

[5]  Abbas Jamalipour,et al.  Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey , 2014, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[6]  Ashraf Darwish,et al.  Wearable and Implantable Wireless Sensor Network Solutions for Healthcare Monitoring , 2011, Sensors.

[7]  Luc Martens,et al.  Characterization of path loss and absorption for a wireless radio frequency link between an in-body endoscopy capsule and a receiver outside the body , 2014, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[8]  G. Vermeeren,et al.  Path loss model for in-body communication in homogeneous human muscle tissue , 2009 .

[9]  Aleksandar Milenkovic,et al.  System architecture of a wireless body area sensor network for ubiquitous health monitoring , 2005 .

[10]  Heung-Gyoon Ryu,et al.  Analysis and design of QAPM modulation based on multi-carrier using compressive sensing for low power communication , 2012, 2012 International Conference on ICT Convergence (ICTC).

[11]  Matthew D. Higgins,et al.  An In-body communication link based on 400 MHz MICS band wireless body area networks , 2015, 2015 IEEE 20th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modelling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD).

[12]  Mohammad Abdur Razzaque,et al.  QoS-Aware Error Recovery in Wireless Body Sensor Networks Using Adaptive Network Coding , 2015, Sensors.

[13]  R. Langley,et al.  Dual-Band Wearable Textile Antenna on an EBG Substrate , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[14]  Matthew D. Higgins,et al.  A communication link analysis based on biological implant wireless body area networks , 2016 .

[15]  Daniel Gutiérrez-Reina,et al.  The Role of Ad Hoc Networks in the Internet of Things: A Case Scenario for Smart Environments , 2013, Internet of Things and Inter-cooperative Computational Technologies for Collective Intelligence.

[16]  Maxim A. Batalin,et al.  MEDIC: Medical embedded device for individualized care , 2008, Artif. Intell. Medicine.

[17]  Kyung-Sup Kwak,et al.  The Internet of Things for Health Care: A Comprehensive Survey , 2015, IEEE Access.

[18]  Jianqing Wang,et al.  Impact of Spatial Diversity Reception on SAR Reduction in Implant Body Area Networks , 2012, IEICE Trans. Commun..

[19]  Michael Cheffena.  Performance Evaluation of Wireless Body Sensors in the Presence of Slow and Fast Fading Effects , 2015, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[20]  Luc Martens,et al.  In-to-Out Body Antenna-Independent Path Loss Model for Multilayered Tissues and Heterogeneous Medium , 2014, Sensors.

[21]  Luc Martens,et al.  Specific absorption rate and path loss in specific body location in heterogeneous human model , 2013 .

[22]  Laura Galluccio,et al.  Challenges and implications of using ultrasonic communications in intra-body area networks , 2012, 2012 9th Annual Conference on Wireless On-Demand Network Systems and Services (WONS).

[23]  Konstantina S. Nikita,et al.  Reliable and Energy-Efficient Communications for Wireless Biomedical Implant Systems , 2014, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[24]  Jianqing Wang,et al.  Wearable ECG Based on Impulse-Radio-Type Human Body Communication , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[25]  Lotfi Kamoun,et al.  A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications , 2012, Int. J. E Health Medical Commun..

[26]  Y. Nishimura,et al.  Radiofrequency thermotherapy for malignant liver tumors , 1990, Cancer.

[27]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  A survey of wireless technologies coexistence in WBAN: analysis and open research issues , 2014, Wireless Networks.

[28]  Mary Ann Ingram,et al.  Wireless Aspects of Telehealth , 2009, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[29]  Madhumita Kathuria,et al.  Quality of service provisioning transport layer protocol for WBAN system , 2014, 2014 International Conference on Reliability Optimization and Information Technology (ICROIT).

[30]  M.A. Khan,et al.  Modeling mobility and psychological stress based human postural changes in wireless body area networks , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[31]  Pedro Peris-López,et al.  Secure Publish-Subscribe Protocols for Heterogeneous Medical Wireless Body Area Networks , 2014, Sensors.

[32]  Yangzhe Liao,et al.  Flexible quality of service model for wireless body area sensor networks. , 2016, Healthcare technology letters.

[33]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Incremental Relay Based Cooperative Communication in Wireless Body Area Networks , 2015, ANT/SEIT.

[34]  Robert Simon Sherratt,et al.  A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks for eHealthcare Systems in Residential Environments , 2016, Sensors.

[35]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  iM-SIMPLE: iMproved stable increased-throughput multi-hop link efficient routing protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[36]  Matti Latva-aho,et al.  Distributed resource allocation for MISO downlink systems via the alternating direction method of multipliers , 2012, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking.

[37]  K. S. Deepak,et al.  Improving energy efficiency of incremental relay based cooperative communications in wireless body area networks , 2015, Int. J. Commun. Syst..

[38]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  A Relay Based Routing Protocol for Wireless In-Body Sensor Networks , 2015, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[39]  Jocelyne Elias,et al.  Optimal design of energy-efficient and cost-effective wireless body area networks , 2014, Ad Hoc Networks.

[40]  Hans Permana,et al.  Developing a Wireless Implantable Body Sensor Network in MICS Band , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[41]  Musaed Alhussein,et al.  McMAC: Towards a MAC Protocol with Multi-Constrained QoS Provisioning for Diverse Traffic in Wireless Body Area Networks , 2012, Sensors.

[42]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  Enabling technologies for wireless body area networks: A survey and outlook , 2009, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[43]  国際非電離放射線防護委員会.  ICNIRP statement on the "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)". , 2009, Health physics.