Effects of Cross Anisotropy on Three-Dimensional Behavior of Sand. I: Stress-Strain Behavior and Shear Banding

The significance of material cross anisotropy in sands is underscored and experimentally evaluated in a series of true triaxial tests on Santa Monica beach sand in a cubical device. Failure patterns, initiation and development of shear banding, and complete stress-strain behavior are described for the entire range of the Lode angle under general three-dimensional loading conditions. Localized failure was found to govern the ultimate resistance of the sand for intermediate values of parameter b5(s 22s 3)/(s 12s 3) in each of the three sectors of the octahedral plane. Variations of the friction angle are fully described and show its significant dependence on the inherent cross-anisotropic material structure.

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