Load restoration and energy management of a microgrid with distributed energy resources and electric vehicles participation under a two-stage stochastic framework

Abstract Natural disasters in recent years have highlighted the need for enhancing the resilience of the power systems against these events. Dynamic microgrid (MG) formation using distributed energy resources (DERs) is the common approach in restoring the critical loads (CLs). On the other hand, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) capabilities in electric vehicles (EVs), as well as the presence of high-powered engine-generators (EGs) embedded in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) provide a new capability for using electric and fossil energy stored in EVs simultaneously to restore the CLs during an outage. In this regard, the outage management system (OMS) cooperates with aggregators and uses EVs in the form of a public parking lot (PL) or residential parking (RP), besides other resources such as diesel generators and photovoltaic (PV) units. The approach presented in this paper shows the procedure of load restoration and energy management of available resources under a two-stage stochastic framework. Also, a new method is introduced for restoring CLs in the mesh network by using the load control and the master-slave control techniques. The problem is formulated as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), and simulations are performed on IEEE 123-buses test system and a real distribution network.