Chitin Deacetylases: Properties and Applications

Chitin deacetylases, occurring in marine bacteria, several fungi and a few insects, catalyze the deacetylation of chitin, a structural biopolymer found in countless forms of marine life, fungal cell and spore walls as well as insect cuticle and peritrophic matrices. The deacetylases recognize a sequence of four GlcNAc units in the substrate, one of which undergoes deacetylation: the resulting chitosan has a more regular deacetylation pattern than a chitosan treated with hot NaOH. Nevertheless plain chitin is a poor substrate, but glycolated, reprecipitated or depolymerized chitins are good ones. The marine Vibrio sp. colonize the chitin particles and decompose the chitin thanks to the concerted action of chitinases and deacetylases, otherwise they could not tolerate chitosan, a recognized antibacterial biopolymer. In fact, chitosan is used to prevent infections in fishes and crustaceans. Considering that chitin deacetylases play very important roles in the biological attack and defense systems, they may find applications for the biological control of fungal plant pathogens or insect pests in agriculture and for the biocontrol of opportunistic fungal human pathogens.

[1]  S. Choi,et al.  In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharides against Vibrio vulnificus. , 2009, International journal of molecular medicine.

[2]  T. Nishio,et al.  Heterodisaccharide 4-O-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-D-glucosamine is a specific inducer of chitinolytic enzyme production in Vibrios harboring chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase genes. , 2009, Glycobiology.

[3]  C. Xue,et al.  Changes in microbial flora of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) during refrigerated storage and its shelf-life extension by chitosan. , 2009, International journal of food microbiology.

[4]  R. Beeman,et al.  Analysis of functions of the chitin deacetylase gene family in Tribolium castaneum. , 2009, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[5]  C. Kübel,et al.  Strategy to improve the characterization of chitosan for sustainable biomedical applications: SAR guided multi-dimensional analysis , 2009 .

[6]  M. Jaworska,et al.  A search of an optimal carrier for immobilization of chitin deacetylase , 2009 .

[7]  M. Okazaki,et al.  Isolation and characterization of a gene coding for chitin deacetylase specifically expressed during fruiting body development in the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes and its expression in the yeast Pichia pastoris. , 2008, FEMS microbiology letters.

[8]  D. Hegedus,et al.  A chitin deacetylase and putative insect intestinal lipases are components of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) peritrophic matrix , 2008, Insect molecular biology.

[9]  P. M. Campbell,et al.  Proteomic analysis of the peritrophic matrix from the gut of the caterpillar, Helicoverpa armigera. , 2008, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[10]  R. Colwell,et al.  Global impact of Vibrio cholerae interactions with chitin. , 2008, Environmental microbiology.

[11]  J. Dommes,et al.  Characterization and cloning of chitin deacetylases from Rhizopus circinans. , 2008, Protein expression and purification.

[12]  Yong Zhao,et al.  Enzymatic deacetylation of chitin by extracellular chitin deacetylase from a newly screened Mortierella sp. DY-52. , 2008, Journal of microbiology and biotechnology.

[13]  R. Beeman,et al.  Domain organization and phylogenetic analysis of proteins from the chitin deacetylase gene family of Tribolium castaneum and three other species of insects. , 2008, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[14]  S. Roseman,et al.  The chitin catabolic cascade in the marine bacterium Vibrio cholerae: characterization of a unique chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase. , 2007, Glycobiology.

[15]  L. Vezzulli,et al.  A general role for surface membrane proteins in attachment to chitin particles and copepods of environmental and clinical vibrios , 2007, Letters in applied microbiology.

[16]  D. Gevers,et al.  Conservation of the Chitin Utilization Pathway in the Vibrionaceae , 2007, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[17]  V. Vuddhakul,et al.  Comparing the efficiency of chitosan with chlorine for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp , 2007 .

[18]  T. Nishio,et al.  Production of a recombinant chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase from Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the culture medium of Escherichia coli cells , 2007, Biotechnology Letters.

[19]  A. Rowley,et al.  The effect of dietary chitin supplementation on the survival and immune reactivity of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. , 2007, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.

[20]  J. Lodge,et al.  Chitosan, the Deacetylated Form of Chitin, Is Necessary for Cell Wall Integrity in Cryptococcus neoformans , 2007, Eukaryotic Cell.

[21]  T. Nishio,et al.  Purification and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus extracellular chitinase and chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase involved in the production of heterodisaccharide from chitin , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[22]  Q. Gan,et al.  Modification of chitin properties for enzymatic deacetylation , 2007 .

[23]  J. Vervoort,et al.  Cladosporium fulvum Avr4 protects fungal cell walls against hydrolysis by plant chitinases accumulating during infection. , 2006, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[24]  H. Sugita,et al.  Chitinolytic bacteria in the intestinal tract of Japanese coastal fishes. , 2006, Canadian journal of microbiology.

[25]  K. Breskvar,et al.  Purification and molecular characterization of chitin deacetylase from Rhizopus nigricans , 2006 .

[26]  H. Sugita,et al.  Identification of intest\inal bacteria from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and their ability to digest chitin , 2006, Letters in applied microbiology.

[27]  S. Withers,et al.  Structure and mechanism of chitin deacetylase from the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. , 2006, Biochemistry.

[28]  J. Kennedy,et al.  Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Scopulariopsis brevicaulis , 2006 .

[29]  P. Robbins,et al.  The cyst wall of Entamoeba invadens contains chitosan (deacetylated chitin). , 2006, Molecular and biochemical parasitology.

[30]  A. Brzozowski,et al.  Structure and Activity of Two Metal Ion-dependent Acetylxylan Esterases Involved in Plant Cell Wall Degradation Reveals a Close Similarity to Peptidoglycan Deacetylases* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[31]  T. Ahamed,et al.  Peripheral enzymatic deacetylation of chitin and reprecipitated chitin particles. , 2006, Bioresource technology.

[32]  M. Krasnow,et al.  serpentine and vermiform Encode Matrix Proteins with Chitin Binding and Deacetylation Domains that Limit Tracheal Tube Length in Drosophila , 2006, Current Biology.

[33]  V. Tsarouhas,et al.  Septate-Junction-Dependent Luminal Deposition of Chitin Deacetylases Restricts Tube Elongation in the Drosophila Trachea , 2006, Current Biology.

[34]  W. Guo,et al.  A novel chitin-binding protein identified from the peritrophic membrane of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. , 2005, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[35]  A. W. Schüttelkopf,et al.  Structure and metal-dependent mechanism of peptidoglycan deacetylase, a streptococcal virulence factor , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  L. Kuhn,et al.  The putative chitin deacetylase of Encephalitozoon cuniculi: a surface protein implicated in microsporidian spore-wall formation. , 2005, FEMS microbiology letters.

[37]  Katsunori Tanaka,et al.  cda1 +, encoding chitin deacetylase is required for proper spore formation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe , 2005, FEBS letters.

[38]  K. Blondeau,et al.  Expression of chitin deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Pichia pastoris: purification and characterization. , 2004, Protein expression and purification.

[39]  A. Neiman,et al.  Interspore bridges: a new feature of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spore wall. , 2004, Microbiology.

[40]  D. V. van Aalten,et al.  Structures of Bacillus subtilis PdaA, a family 4 carbohydrate esterase, and a complex with N‐acetyl‐glucosamine , 2004, FEBS letters.

[41]  S. Roseman,et al.  The Vibrio cholerae chitin utilization program. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  V. Ghormade,et al.  The extracellular constitutive production of chitin deacetylase in Metarhizium anisopliae: possible edge to entomopathogenic fungi in the biological control of insect pests. , 2004, Journal of invertebrate pathology.

[43]  D. Popham,et al.  Production of Muramic δ-Lactam in Bacillus subtilis Spore Peptidoglycan , 2004 .

[44]  R. Weiner,et al.  Detection and characterization of chitinases and other chitin-modifying enzymes , 2003, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[45]  S. Withers,et al.  Subsite structure of the endo-type chitin deacetylase from a deuteromycete, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: an investigation using steady-state kinetic analysis and MS. , 2003, The Biochemical journal.

[46]  V. Bouriotis,et al.  Carbohydrate esterase family 4 enzymes: substrate specificity. , 2003, Carbohydrate research.

[47]  B. Moerschbacher,et al.  Developmentally regulated conversion of surface‐exposed chitin to chitosan in cell walls of plant pathogenic fungi , 2002 .

[48]  V. Bouriotis,et al.  Expression, purification, and characterization of a cobalt-activated chitin deacetylase (Cda2p) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 2002, Protein expression and purification.

[49]  N. Zydowicz,et al.  Mode of action of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii on N-acetylchitooligosaccharides. , 2001, European journal of biochemistry.

[50]  W. Stevens,et al.  Shrimp chitin as substrate for fungal chitin deacetylase , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[51]  K. Tokuyasu,et al.  Recognition of chitooligosaccharides and their N-acetyl groups by putative subsites of chitin deacetylase from a deuteromycete, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. , 2000, Biochemistry.

[52]  D Kafetzopoulos,et al.  Chitin deacetylases: new, versatile tools in biotechnology. , 2000, Trends in biotechnology.

[53]  A. Tomasz,et al.  The pgdA Gene Encodes for a PeptidoglycanN-Acetylglucosamine Deacetylase in Streptococcus pneumoniae * , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[54]  P. Briza,et al.  Yeast ascospore wall assembly requires two chitin deacetylase isozymes , 1999, FEBS letters.

[55]  K. Vårum,et al.  Mode of action of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii on partially N-acetylated chitosans , 1998 .

[56]  K. Tokuyasu,et al.  Deacetylation of chitin oligosaccharides of dp 2-4 by chitin deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. , 1997, Carbohydrate research.

[57]  P. Robbins,et al.  Cloning and Expression of Two Chitin Deacetylase Genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1997, Yeast.

[58]  K. Tokuyasu,et al.  Purification and characterization of extracellular chin deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. , 1996, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[59]  V. Bouriotis,et al.  Purification and Characterization of Chitin Deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum(*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[60]  Dimitris Kafetzopoulos,et al.  Chitin deacetylation by enzymatic means: monitoring of deacetylation processes , 1995 .

[61]  H. Deising,et al.  Chitin deacetylase activity of the rust Uromyces viciae-fabae is controlled by fungal morphogenesis , 1995 .

[62]  T. Katsumoto,et al.  Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Absidia coerulea. , 1995, Journal of biochemistry.

[63]  G. Thireos,et al.  The primary structure of a fungal chitin deacetylase reveals the function for two bacterial gene products. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[64]  D Kafetzopoulos,et al.  Bioconversion of chitin to chitosan: purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[65]  J. Schell,et al.  Rhizobium NodB protein involved in nodulation signal synthesis is a chitooligosaccharide deacetylase. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[66]  R. Muzzarelli,et al.  Antimicrobial properties of N-carboxybutyl chitosan , 1990, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[67]  A. Asselin,et al.  Detection of chitin deacetylase activity after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. , 1990, Analytical biochemistry.

[68]  S. Bartnicki-García,et al.  Chitosan synthesis by the tandem action of chitin synthetase and chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii , 1984 .

[69]  Y. Araki,et al.  A pathway of chitosan formation in Mucor rouxii. Enzymatic deacetylation of chitin. , 1975, European journal of biochemistry.

[70]  Y. Araki,et al.  A pathway of chitosan formation in Mucor rouxii: enzymatic deacetylation of chitin. , 1974, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[71]  Guo Jian-sheng.  Optimizing producing conditions of chitin deacetylase , 2009 .

[72]  S. Roseman,et al.  The central concept for chitin catabolic cascade in marine bacterium,Vibrios , 2008 .

[73]  D. Popham,et al.  Production of muramic delta-lactam in Bacillus subtilis spore peptidoglycan. , 2004, Journal of bacteriology.

[74]  C. Alfonso,et al.  Purification of a heat-stable chitin deacetylase from Aspergillus nidulans and its role in cell wall degradation , 2004, Current Microbiology.

[75]  K. Tokuyasu,et al.  Cloning and expression of chitin deacetylase gene from a Deuteromycete, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. , 1999, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.

[76]  A. Martinez-Espinoza,et al.  Chitin biosynthesis and structural organization in vivo. , 1999, EXS.

[77]  Pedro M. Coutinho,et al.  Carbohydrate-active enzymes : an integrated database approach , 1999 .

[78]  P. Jollès,et al.  Chitin and chitinases. , 1999 .

[79]  D. Young,et al.  Chitin Deacetylase from the Plant Pathogen Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum , 1983 .