Biodiesel from alternative oilseed feedstocks: camelina and field pennycress

Biodiesel is prepared from lipids by transesterification with a monohydric alcohol and may serve as a replacement or blend component for conventional petroleum diesel fuel (petrodiesel). Advantages of biodiesel over petrodiesel include strongly positive energy balance, domestic and renewable origin, enhanced lubricity and biodegradability, superior flash point, negligible sulfur and aromatics content, and low environmental toxicity. However, high feedstock cost, reduced storage and oxidative stability, inferior volumetric energy content and poor cold-flow properties represent critical technical deficiencies relative to petrodiesel. This review covers biodiesel standards, production and optimum reaction conditions, the influence of free fatty acids on production, the influence of composition on fuel properties and traditional feedstocks. A particular emphasis is placed on the alternative oilseed feedstocks camelina (Camelina sativa) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) as promising nonfood candidates with high oil contents that would not displace existing agricultural production and would flourish in temperate climates.

[1]  R. Holman,et al.  The rates of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and esters , 1947 .

[2]  Proteingehalt und Proteinzusammensetzung verschiedener Unkrautarten , 1984 .

[3]  E. H. Pryde,et al.  Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils , 1984 .

[4]  G. B. Rose,et al.  Glucosinolate composition of seeds from 297 species of wild plants , 1991 .

[5]  Digestible energy and protein content of some annual weeds, alfalfa, bromegrass, and tame oats , 1993 .

[6]  Lawrence A. Johnson,et al.  Use of branched-chain esters to reduce the crystallization temperature of biodiesel , 1995 .

[7]  D. Boocock,et al.  Fast one-phase oil-rich processes for the preparation of vegetable oil methyl esters , 1996 .

[8]  L. Johnson,et al.  Reducing the crystallization temperature of biodiesel by winterizing methyl soyate , 1996 .

[9]  C. E. Stauffer.  Fats and oils , 1996 .

[10]  Josef Zubr,et al.  Oil-seed crop: Camelina sativa , 1997 .

[11]  Robert O. Dunn,et al.  Low-temperature properties of alkyl esters of tallow and grease , 1997 .

[12]  John Sheehan,et al.  Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus , 1998 .

[13]  John Sheehan,et al.  Life cycle inventory of biodiesel and petroleum diesel for use in an urban bus. Final report , 1998 .

[14]  A. Birch,et al.  Antinutritional compounds in the Brassicaceae: analysis, biosynthesis, chemistry and dietary effects , 1998 .

[15]  W. Friedt,et al.  Glucosinolate content and composition as parameters of quality of Camelina seed , 1998 .

[16]  J. V. Gerpen,et al.  BIODIESEL PRODUCTION VIA ACID CATALYSIS , 1999 .

[17]  Terry A. Isbell,et al.  Oxidative stability index of vegetable oils in binary mixtures with meadowfoam oil , 1999 .

[18]  J. V. Gerpen,et al.  A Pilot Plant to Produce Biodiesel from High Free Fatty Acid Feedstocks , 2001 .

[19]  D. Firestone,et al.  Fats and oils. , 2001, Journal of AOAC International.

[20]  J. Fahey,et al.  The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. , 2001, Phytochemistry.

[21]  J. Zubr,et al.  Effects of growth conditions on fatty acids and tocopherols in Camelina sativa oil , 2002 .

[22]  George Papadakis,et al.  The Energy Balance of Sunflower Production for Biodiesel in Greece , 2002 .

[23]  Paolo Bondioli,et al.  BIODIESEL STABILITY UNDER COMMERCIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS OVER ONE YEAR , 2003 .

[24]  J. H. Van Gerpen,et al.  A pilot plant to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks. , 2003 .

[25]  Andrew C. Matheaus,et al.  Cetane numbers of branched and straight-chain fatty esters determined in an ignition quality tester , 2003 .

[26]  F. Gunstone.  The Chemistry of Oils and Fats , 2004 .

[27]  Frank D. Gunstone,et al.  The Chemistry of Oils and Fats: Sources, Composition, Properties, and Uses , 2004 .

[28]  Eric R. Gallandt,et al.  Brassica cover cropping for weed management: A review , 2004, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems.

[29]  S. Vaughn,et al.  BIOFUMIGANT COMPOUNDS RELEASED BY FIELD PENNYCRESS (Thlaspi arvense) SEEDMEAL , 2005, Journal of Chemical Ecology.

[30]  J. V. Gerpen,et al.  Biodiesel processing and production , 2005 .

[31]  A. Kinney,et al.  Modifying soybean oil for enhanced performance in biodiesel blends , 2005 .

[32]  M. Haas.  Improving the economics of biodiesel production through the use of low value lipids as feedstocks: vegetable oil soapstock , 2005 .

[33]  D. Pimentel,et al.  Ethanol Production Using Corn, Switchgrass, and Wood; Biodiesel Production Using Soybean and Sunflower , 2005 .

[34]  Dora E. López,et al.  Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis , 2005 .

[35]  A. Hansen,et al.  Temperature-dependent kinematic viscosity of selected biodiesel fuels and blends with diesel fuel , 2005 .

[36]  B. Rice,et al.  Evaluation of Camelina sativa oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production , 2005 .

[37]  G. Knothe.  Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters , 2005 .

[38]  G. Knothe,et al.  Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel fuel components and related compounds. Influence of compound structure and comparison to petrodiesel fuel components , 2005 .

[39]  Barbara Ann Halkier,et al.  Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. , 2006, Annual review of plant biology.

[40]  S. Polasky,et al.  Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  S. Fernando,et al.  NOx Reduction from Biodiesel Fuels , 2006 .

[42]  I. Parkin,et al.  Exploiting the wild crucifer Thlaspi arvense to identify conserved and novel genes expressed during a plant’s response to cold stress , 2006, Plant Molecular Biology.

[43]  Martin Mittelbach,et al.  Ester content evaluation in biodiesel from animal fats and lauric oils. , 2006 .

[44]  S. Vaughn,et al.  Herbicidal activity of glucosinolate-containing seedmeals , 2006, Weed science.

[45]  K. Krisnangkura,et al.  An empirical approach in predicting biodiesel viscosity at various temperatures , 2006 .

[46]  Weiyang Zhou,et al.  Phase distributions of alcohol, glycerol, and catalyst in the transesterification of soybean oil , 2006 .

[47]  Weiyang Zhou,et al.  Phase behavior of the base-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil , 2006 .

[48]  N. Porter,et al.  Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids , 1995, Lipids.

[49]  A. McAloon,et al.  A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs. , 2006, Bioresource technology.

[50]  Y. Chisti.  Biodiesel from microalgae. , 2007, Biotechnology advances.

[51]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel components (fatty acid alkyl esters) and related compounds at low temperatures , 2007 .

[52]  Rushang M. Joshi,et al.  FLOW PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL FUEL BLENDS AT LOW TEMPERATURES , 2007 .

[53]  Michael J. Haas,et al.  Evaluation of partially hydrogenated methyl esters of soybean oil as biodiesel , 2007 .

[54]  K. Wilson,et al.  Catalysts in Production of Biodiesel: A Review , 2007 .

[55]  R. Dunn.  Crystallization Behavior of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters , 2008 .

[56]  U. Rashid,et al.  Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil , 2008 .

[57]  L. C. Meher,et al.  Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil. , 2008 .

[58]  M. Chaves,et al.  Catalysts of Cu(II) and Co(II) ions adsorbed in chitosan used in transesterification of soy bean and babassu oils - a new route for biodiesel syntheses. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[59]  Je-Lueng Shie,et al.  Economic Cost Analysis of Biodiesel Production: Case in Soybean Oil† , 2008 .

[60]  B. Moser.  Efficacy of myricetin as an antioxidant in methyl esters of soybean oil , 2008 .

[61]  Renzo Di Felice,et al.  Component Distribution between Light and Heavy Phases in Biodiesel Processes , 2008 .

[62]  T. Isbell,et al.  Evaluation of Castor and Lesquerella Oil Derivatives as Additives in Biodiesel and Ultralow Sulfur Diesel Fuels , 2008 .

[63]  M. Canakci,et al.  Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties , 2008, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology.

[64]  Farooq Anwar,et al.  Moringa oleifera oil: a possible source of biodiesel. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[65]  Robert O. Dunn,et al.  Antioxidants for improving storage stability of biodiesel , 2008 .

[66]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  “Designer” Biodiesel: Optimizing Fatty Ester Composition to Improve Fuel Properties† , 2008 .

[67]  Haiying Tang,et al.  The Effect of Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants on the Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel , 2008 .

[68]  Naoko Ellis,et al.  Assessment of four biodiesel production processes using HYSYS.Plant. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[69]  J. H. Van Gerpen,et al.  The Energy Balance of Soybean Oil Biodiesel Production: A Review of Past Studies , 2008 .

[70]  B. Moser,et al.  Branched chain derivatives of alkyl oleates: Tribological, rheological, oxidation, and low temperature properties , 2008 .

[71]  Mustafa Canakci,et al.  Effects of Different Alcohol and Catalyst Usage on Biodiesel Production from Different Vegetable Oils , 2008 .

[72]  Electo Eduardo Silva Lora,et al.  The energy balance in the Palm Oil-Derived Methyl Ester (PME) life cycle for the cases in Brazil and Colombia , 2009 .

[73]  Paolo Bondioli,et al.  Nature of some insoluble materials recovered from biodiesel samples. , 2009 .

[74]  Ricardo Natalino,et al.  Wild Brazilian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Seed Oil Methyl Esters as Biodiesel Fuel , 2009 .

[75]  Anup Pradhan,et al.  Energy Life-Cycle Assessment of Soybean Biodiesel , 2009 .

[76]  S. Deng,et al.  Transesterification of Camelina Sativa Oil Using Heterogeneous Metal Oxide Catalysts , 2009 .

[77]  L. Lynd,et al.  Beneficial Biofuels—The Food, Energy, and Environment Trilemma , 2009, Science.

[78]  R. Nascimento,et al.  Ester-additives as inhibitors of the gelification of soybean oil methyl esters in biodiesel , 2009 .

[79]  Sources of Methyl Ester Yield Reduction in Methanolysis of Recycled Vegetable Oil , 2009 .

[80]  G. Knothe,et al.  A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Melting Points of Fatty Acids and Esters Determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry , 2009 .

[81]  Georgi Hristov,et al.  Effect of commercially available antioxidants over biodiesel/diesel blends stability , 2009 .

[82]  U. Rashid,et al.  Optimization of Base Catalytic Methanolysis of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production by Using Response Surface Methodology , 2009 .

[83]  T. Isbell.  US effort in the development of new crops (Lesquerella, Pennycress Coriander and Cuphea). , 2009 .

[84]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  Production and Evaluation of Biodiesel from Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) Oil , 2009 .

[85]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  Cuphea Oil as Source of Biodiesel with Improved Fuel Properties Caused by High Content of Methyl Decanoate , 2009 .

[86]  Patrik Soltic,et al.  Experimental investigation of mineral diesel fuel, GTL fuel, RME and neat soybean and rapeseed oil combustion in a heavy duty on-road engine with exhaust gas aftertreatment , 2009 .

[87]  Shailesh N. Shah,et al.  Composition and physical properties of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oils , 2009 .

[88]  José María Cuenca López,et al.  On-road emissions from urban buses with SCR + Urea and EGR + DPF systems using diesel and biodiesel , 2009 .

[89]  G. Knothe.  Improving biodiesel fuel properties by modifying fatty ester composition , 2009 .

[90]  B. Moser.  Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks , 2009, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.

[91]  B. Moser.  Comparative Oxidative Stability of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters by Accelerated Methods , 2009 .

[92]  Shuguang Deng,et al.  Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Curcas, Waste Cooking, and Camelina Sativa Oils , 2009 .

[93]  S. Vaughn,et al.  Evaluation of alkyl esters from Camelina sativa oil as biodiesel and as blend components in ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[94]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  Biodiesel from meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba L.) seed oil: oxidative stability and unusual fatty acid composition , 2010 .

[95]  Achilleas Bouriazos,et al.  Catalytic conversions in green aqueous media: Part 4. Selective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated methyl esters of vegetable oils for upgrading biodiesel , 2010 .

[96]  F. Skopal,et al.  Combined effect of water and KOH on rapeseed oil methanolysis. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[97]  V. Gude,et al.  Transesterification of Camelina Sativa Oil using Supercritical and Subcritical Methanol with Cosolvents , 2010 .

[98]  The Conversion of Low Grade Tallow into Biodiesel-Grade Methyl Ester , 2010 .

[99]  Bryan R. Moser,et al.  Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) oil as a biofuels feedstock: Golden opportunity or false hope? , 2010 .

[100]  Bryan R. Moser,et al.  Coriander seed oil methyl esters as biodiesel fuel: Unique fatty acid composition and excellent oxidative stability , 2010 .

[101]  B. Singh,et al.  High yield and conversion of biodiesel from a nonedible feedstock (Pongamia pinnata). , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[102]  S. Westbrook,et al.  Storage Stability of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends , 2010 .

[103]  V. Gude,et al.  Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Camelina Sativa Oil , 2010 .

[104]  T. Wu,et al.  Biodiesel production from Jatropha oil by catalytic and non-catalytic approaches: an overview. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[105]  May Ying Koh,et al.  A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil , 2011 .

[106]  A. Ahmad,et al.  Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: A review , 2011 .

[107]  B. Moser.  Complementary blending of meadowfoam seed oil methyl esters with biodiesel prepared from soybean and waste cooking oils to enhance fuel properties , 2011 .

[108]  I. Al‐Shehbaz,et al.  Cabbage family affairs: the evolutionary history of Brassicaceae. , 2011, Trends in plant science.

[109]  Bryan R. Moser,et al.  INFLUENCE OF EXTENDED STORAGE ON FUEL PROPERTIES OF METHYL ESTERS PREPARED FROM CANOLA, PALM, SOYBEAN AND SUNFLOWER OILS , 2011 .