Artificial Conversational Companions - A Requirements Analysis

This work is based on several attempts to provide a definition and a design approach of Artificial Companions that can be found in the referenced literature. We focus on computer agents that simulate human language behaviour and are aimed to serve, to assist and to accompany their owner over a long period of time, that we call Artificial Conversational Companions. Although accepted by the research community, the visions set very high expectations of such agents, but they do not address the technical feasibility and the system limitations. This is the first approach to define a set of features that allow an artificial agent to be regarded as an Artificial Conversational Companion. We describe relationships between the components and identify systematic shortcomings of the current systems. We propose a scalable method for implementing the desired capabilities of an Artificial Conversational Companion in a generic framework with reusable, customizable and interdependent components.

[1]  B. Malinowski,et al.  Magic, science and religion : and other essays , 1948 .

[2]  H. David Menschliche Kommunikation: Formen, Störungen, Paradoxien (Human communication, patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes). , 1970 .

[3]  V. Cook Evidence for Multicompetence , 1992 .

[4]  M. Agar Language Shock: Understanding The Culture Of Conversation , 1994 .

[5]  Hamish Cunningham,et al.  GATE-a General Architecture for Text Engineering , 1996, COLING.

[6]  Morena Danieli,et al.  Metrics for Evaluating Dialogue Strategies in a Spoken Language System , 1996, ArXiv.

[7]  Clifford Nass,et al.  The media equation - how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places , 1996 .

[8]  E. Vesterinen,et al.  Affective Computing , 2009, Encyclopedia of Biometrics.

[9]  T. Bickmore Relational agents : effecting change through human-computer relationships , 2003 .

[10]  Timothy W. Bickmore,et al.  Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships , 2005, TCHI.

[11]  Matthew T. Carlson,et al.  Reconceptualizing Multicompetence as a Theory of Language Knowledge , 2006 .

[12]  Oxford Ox,et al.  Artificial Companions as a new kind of interface to the future Internet , 2006 .

[13]  Anton Leuski,et al.  Field Testing of an Interactive Question-Answering Character , 2008, LREC 2008.

[14]  Ulrich Schäfer Shallow , Deep and Hybrid Processing with UIMA and Heart of Gold , 2008 .

[15]  Oli Mival,et al.  Landscaping personification technologies: from interactions to relationships , 2008, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[16]  Markku Turunen,et al.  A Mobile Health and Fitness Companion Demonstrator , 2009, EACL.

[17]  Preben Hansen,et al.  Evaluating Human-Machine Conversation for Appropriateness , 2010, LREC.

[18]  Y. Wilks,et al.  Book Review: Close Engagements with Artificial Companions: Key Social, Psychological, Ethical, and Design Issues edited by Yorick Wilks , 2010, CL.

[19]  R. Cowie Companionship is an emotional business , 2010 .

[20]  Lin Padgham,et al.  “Hello Emily, How Are You Today?” - Personalised Dialogue in a Toy to Engage Children. , 2010, ACL 2010.

[21]  J. Bryson Robots should be slaves , 2010 .

[22]  Alexiei Dingli,et al.  Demonstration of a Prototype for a Conversational Companion for Reminiscing about Images , 2010, ACL.

[23]  Oli Mival,et al.  From human-computer interactions to human-companion relationships , 2010, IITM '10.

[24]  Y. Wilks Is a Companion a Distinctive Kind of Relationship with a Machine? , 2010 .

[25]  M. Boden Conversationalists and confidants , 2010 .

[26]  Marc Cavazza,et al.  How Was Your Day? , 2010 .

[27]  Tomek Strzalkowski,et al.  Modeling Socio-Cultural Phenomena in Discourse , 2010, COLING.

[28]  Pierre Lison,et al.  Policy Activation for Open-Ended Dialogue Management , 2010, AAAI Fall Symposium: Dialog with Robots.

[29]  Mattias Jacobsson,et al.  Advocating an ethical memory model for artificial companions from a human-centred perspective , 2011, AI & SOCIETY.

[30]  D. Romano Look, emotion, language and behavior in a believable virtual Companion , 2010 .

[31]  R. Young Interactional Competence in Language Learning, Teaching, and Testing , 2011 .

[32]  Marc Cavazza,et al.  Multimodal and mobile conversational Health and Fitness Companions , 2011, Comput. Speech Lang..

[33]  Piero Cosi,et al.  Long-term human-robot interaction with young users , 2011, HRI 2011.

[34]  Björn W. Schuller,et al.  Building Autonomous Sensitive Artificial Listeners , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing.