Melanocortin agonism as a viable strategy to control alveolar bone loss induced by oral infection

Alveolar bone loss is a result of an aggressive form of periodontal disease (PD) associated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) infection. PD is often observed with other systemic inflammatory conditions, including arthritis. Melanocortin peptides activate specific receptors to exert antiarthritic properties, avoiding excessing inflammation and modulating macrophage function. Recent work has indicated that melanocortin can control osteoclast development and function, butwhether such protection takes place in infection‐induced alveolar bone loss has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of melanocortin in Aainduced PD. Mice were orally infected with Aa and treated with the melanocortin analog DTrp8‐γMSH or vehicle daily for 30 d. Then, periodontal tissue was collected and analyzed. Aα‐infected mice treated with DTrp8‐γMSH presented decreased alveolar bone loss and a lower degree of neutrophil infiltration in the periodontium than vehicle‐treated animals; these actions were associated with reduced periodontal levels of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and IL‐17A. In vitro experiments with cells differentiated into osteoclasts showed that osteoclast formation and resorptive activity were attenuated after treatment with DTrp8‐γMSH. Thus, melanocortin agonism could represent an innovative way to tame over exuberant inflammation and, at the same time, preserve bone physiology, as seen after Aa infection.—Madeira, M. F. M., Queiroz‐Junior, C. M., Montero‐Melendez, T., Werneck, S. M. C., Corrêa, J. D., Soriani, F.M., Garlet, G. P., Souza, D.G., Teixeira, M.M., Silva, T.A., Perretti, M.Melanocortin agonismas a viable strategy to control alveolar bone loss induced by oral infection. FASEB J. 30, 4033–4041 (2016). www.fasebj.org