In vivo somatic mutations in humans: measurement and analysis.

INTROD UCTION . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 THE CELL S yS TEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Red Blood Cells . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . ... . . . . .. . . 306 T-Lymphocytes . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 THE GENETIC SyS TEMS . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Genes Scored in Red Cells . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Genes Sco re d in T-lymphoc ytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . 308 THE AS SAyS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 HbS 309 GPA .... . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 309 hprt . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . 310 HLA .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . 310 QUANTITATIVE MEAS UREMENTS OF Vf OR Mf IN H UMAN SOMATIC CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 1 HbS 312 GPA . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 hprt . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 313 HLA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MEAS URED M UTANT FREQUENCIES AND PROB AB LE M UTATION FREQUENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 MOLEC ULAR ANALYSES OF IN VIVO SOM ATIC M UTATION S IN H UMANS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 hpr t Mutations... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 315 HLA Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 CONCLUS IONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

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