Four Decades of Outcome Research on Psychotherapies for Adult Depression: An Overview of a Series of Meta-Analyses

In the past 4 decades about 500 randomized trials have examined the effects of psychological treatments of adult depression. In this article the results of a series of meta-analyses of these trials are summarised. Several types of psychotherapy have been examined, including cognitive behaviour therapy, behavioural activation therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, problem-solving therapy, nondirective supportive therapy, and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. All therapies are effective and there are no significant differences between treatments. Psychotherapies are about equally effective as pharmacotherapy, and combined treatments are more effective than either of these alone. Therapies are also effective in specific target groups, such as older adults, college students, patients with general medical disorders, but may be somewhat less effective in chronic depression, and in patients with comorbid substance use disorders. Treatments are effective when delivered in individual, group, and guided self-help format. The effects of psychotherapies have been overestimated because of the low quality of many trials and due to publication bias. Future research should not be aimed at the development of new psychotherapies for depression, on specific treatment formats or on therapies in specific populations, because the evidence indicates that all types and formats with human involvement are effective in all specific target groups. Future research should instead focus on a further reduction of the disease burden of depression. Specifically, it should focus on the possibilities of preventing the onset of depressive disorders, treatments of chronic and treatment-resistant depression, relapse prevention, and scaling up treatments, for example by using more guided self-help interventions. Au cours des 4 dernières décennies, environ 500 essais randomisés ont examiné les effets des traitements psychologiques de la dépression chez l’adulte. Cet article fait le sommaire des résultats d’une série de méta-analyses de ces essais. Plusieurs types de psychothérapie ont été examinés, y compris la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale, la thérapie d’activation comportementale, la psychothérapie interpersonnelle, la thérapie de résolution de problèmes, la thérapie de soutien non directive et la psychothérapie psychodynamique à court terme. Toutes les thérapies sont efficaces et il n’y a pas de différences significatives entre les traitements. Les psychothérapies sont à peu près aussi efficaces que la pharmacothérapie, et les traitements combinés sont plus efficaces que toute méthode utilisée seule. De plus, les thérapies sont efficaces parmi des groupes cibles précis, tels les aînés, les étudiants à l’université ou les patients ayant des troubles de santé, mais quelque peu moins efficaces pour traiter la dépression chronique ou des troubles concomitants de toxicomanie. Les traitements sont efficaces lorsqu’ils sont offerts sur une base individuelle, en groupe ou selon un format d’aide personnelle autoguidée. L’efficacité des psychothérapies a été surestimée en raison de la faible qualité de nombreux essais et d’un biais de publication. Les recherches futures ne devraient pas viser à élaborer de nouvelles psychothérapies pour traiter la dépression ou encore de nouvelles formules de traitement ou de thérapies destinées à des populations précises, car les preuves révèlent que tous les types et formats impliquant une participation humaine sont efficaces parmi tous les groupes ciblés. Les recherches futures devraient plutôt se consacrer à diminuer davantage le fardeau de la maladie qu’est la dépression. Plus précisément, elles devraient se pencher sur les possibilités de prévenir les troubles dépressifs, sur les traitements de la dépression chronique et de la dépression réfractaire au traitement, la prévention des rechutes, l’intensification des traitements au moyen, par exemple, des interventions d’aide personnelle autoguidée.

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