Comparing the effect of pruning on a best path and a naïve-approach blackboard solver

A naïve solver is one approach that can be used to identify prospective solutions based on data on (or projected to be on) a Blackboard Architecture’s blackboard. The naïve solver approach doesn’t implement heuristics or other techniques to determine what solution paths to attempt first. Instead, it runs the blackboard forward (simulating what would occur if data were gradually added to the blackboard at a faster-than-real time rate). The approach doesn’t guarantee that an optimal solution will be found and will need to be run repetitively to create multiple solutions for comparison. This paper assesses the effect of pre-pruning the blackboard’s facts and rules to remove those that are not relevant (e.g., facts that cannot be asserted, rules that cannot be triggered) or which produce irrelevant facts and pruning actions that produce irrelevant facts (and/or trigger other similarly useless actions). It describes the Blackboard implementation and its utility, explains the pruning process used and presents quantitative and qualitative assessment of the utility of pruning to a naïve solver’s operations. This value is extrapolated to facilitate consideration of a more robust pruning process which also removes low-value facts, actions and rules in addition to those being removed due to their uselessness.

[1]  Maria Filomena Macedo,et al.  A blackboard architecture for perception planning in autonomous vehicles , 1992 .

[2]  Jeremy Straub A data collection decision-making framework for a multi-tier collaboration of heterogeneous orbital, aerial, and ground craft , 2013, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[3]  Jeffrey P. Rosenking,et al.  REACT: Cooperating Expert Systems Via A Blackboard Architecture , 1988, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[4]  I. D. Alexander-Craig A New Interpretation of the Blackboard Architecture , 1993 .

[5]  Barbara Hayes-Roth,et al.  A satisficing cycle for real-time reasoning in intelligent agents , 1994 .

[6]  Quan Dang,et al.  Path planning approach in unknown environment , 2010, Int. J. Autom. Comput..

[7]  Abhinav Mittal,et al.  A multi-agent system for distributed multi-project scheduling: An auction-based negotiation approach , 2012, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[8]  Armando J. Pinho,et al.  An Ontology-based Multi-level Robot Architecture for Learning from Experiences , 2013, AAAI Spring Symposium: Designing Intelligent Robots.

[9]  B. Solaiman,et al.  Distributed blackboard architecture for multi-spectral image interpretation based on multi-agent system , 2006, 2006 2nd International Conference on Information & Communication Technologies.

[10]  Henry Hexmoor,et al.  Improving behavior of computer game bots using fictitious play , 2012, International Journal of Automation and Computing.

[11]  Dmitry Goldin Features of Informational Control Complex of Autonomous Spacecraft , 2011 .

[12]  I. D. Craig CASSANDRA-II: A Distributed Blackboard System , 1987 .

[13]  Victor R. Lesser,et al.  The Hearsay-II Speech-Understanding System: Integrating Knowledge to Resolve Uncertainty , 1980, CSUR.

[14]  M. Idiart,et al.  Locally oriented potential field for controlling multi-robots , 2012 .

[15]  Grantham K. H. Pang A Blackboard Control Architecture for Real-Time Control , 1988, 1988 American Control Conference.

[16]  Jing Dong,et al.  Event-based blackboard architecture for multi-agent systems , 2005, International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'05) - Volume II.

[17]  Rattikorn Hewett,et al.  A language and architecture for efficient blackboard systems , 1993, Proceedings of 9th IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Applications.

[18]  Martti Juhola,et al.  A configuration deactivation algorithm for boosting probabilistic roadmap planning of robots , 2012, Int. J. Autom. Comput..

[19]  Daniel D. Corkill,et al.  GBB: A Generic Blackboard Development System , 1986, AAAI.

[20]  J. H. A. Clarke,et al.  Trajectory generation for autonomous soaring UAS , 2011, The 17th International Conference on Automation and Computing.

[21]  Barbara Hayes-Roth,et al.  A Blackboard Architecture for Control , 1985, Artif. Intell..

[22]  Guido Moerkotte,et al.  Optimizing disjunctive queries with expensive predicates , 1994, SIGMOD '94.

[23]  Mo Adda,et al.  J-PMCRI: A Methodology for Inducing Pre-pruned Modular Classification Rules , 2010, IFIP AI.

[24]  H. P. Nii,et al.  KASE: An Integrated Environment for Software Design , 1992 .

[25]  Donald A. Waterman,et al.  A Guide to Expert Systems , 1986 .

[26]  Bruce A. Draper,et al.  Learning Blackboard-Based Scheduling Algorithms for Computer Vision , 1992, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[27]  Zhengyou Xia,et al.  An adaptive adjusting mechanism for agent distributed blackboard architecture , 2005, Microprocess. Microsystems.

[28]  Wen-Hua Chen,et al.  Experimental tests of autonomous ground vehicles with preview , 2010, Int. J. Autom. Comput..

[29]  Félix Ingrand,et al.  Procedural Reasoning versus Blackboard Architecture for Real-Time Reasoning , 1993 .

[30]  Christine Alvarado,et al.  A Framework for Multi-Domain Sketch Recognition , 2002 .

[31]  Nathan Michael,et al.  Persistent surveillance with a team of MAVs , 2011, 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[32]  Piotr Skrzypczynski,et al.  Multi-agent blackboard architecture for a mobile robot , 2001, Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180).

[33]  John F. Gilmore,et al.  Implementation Of A Generic Blackboard Architecture , 1987, Other Conferences.

[34]  Heien-Kun Chiang,et al.  A multi-strategy machine learning student modeling for intelligent tutoring systems: Based on blackboard approach , 2013, Libr. Hi Tech.

[35]  Raj Reddy,et al.  Alternative control structures for speech understanding systems , 1977 .

[36]  Victor R. Lesser,et al.  Extending a blackboard architecture for approximate processing , 1990, Real-Time Systems.

[37]  Bruce A. Draper,et al.  Learning blackboard-based sceduling algorithms for computer vision : Blackboard systems , 1993 .

[38]  Improving Reactivity in a Blackboard Architecture with Parallelism and Interruptions , 1992, ECAI.

[39]  Christopher S. G. Khoo,et al.  Design and development of a concept-based multi-document summarization system for research abstracts , 2008, J. Inf. Sci..

[40]  Daniel L. Larner,et al.  A distributed, operating system based, blackboard architecture for real-time control , 1990, IEA/AIE '90.

[41]  Basant Kumar Sahu,et al.  Adaptive Tracking Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle , 2014, Int. J. Autom. Comput..

[42]  P. E. Jones,et al.  Study and test of a methodology for laboratory evaluation of message retrieval systems. ESD-TR-66-405. , 1966, Technical documentary report. United States. Air Force. Systems Command. Electronic Systems Division.