Daytime sleepiness: Quantification of a behavioral state

A neurophysiological technique that quantifies drowsiness as the speed of falling asleep at intervals across a day is used to identify patterns of sleepiness/alertness. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) reveals a daily biphasic organization of sleepiness that is affected in predictable ways by the length and continuity of nocturnal sleep on one or several nights, and by maturation, aging, sleep pathology, and drug ingestion. The systematic nature of these relationships provides impetus to efforts examining the neurobiological mechanisms subserving the delicate balance of sleep and wakefulness.

[1]  Paul Naitoh,et al.  Sleep Deprivation in Human Subjects: A Reappraisal , 1976 .

[2]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Sleepiness and sleep state on a 90-min schedule. , 1977, Psychophysiology.

[3]  J. Waterhouse,et al.  Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[4]  W. B. Webb,et al.  Are we chronically sleep deprived , 1975 .

[5]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  REM sleep episodes during the Multple Sleep Latency Test in narcoleptic patients. , 1979, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[6]  A. Rechtschaffen,et al.  A manual of standardized terminology, technique and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects , 1968 .

[7]  W. Orr,et al.  Postprandial sleepiness: objective documentation via polysomnography. , 1983, Sleep.

[8]  L. Goodman,et al.  The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 1976 .

[9]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Circadian variation of sleep tendency in elderly and young adult subjects. , 1982, Sleep.

[10]  M. Johns,et al.  Sleep habits of healthy young adults: use of a sleep questionnaire. , 1971, British journal of preventive & social medicine.

[11]  T. Roth,et al.  Daytime sleepiness and daytime wakefulness: the effect of instruction. , 1982, Sleep.

[12]  M H Bonnet,et al.  Effect of sleep disruption on sleep, performance, and mood. , 1985, Sleep.

[13]  P Badia,et al.  Sleep fragmentation and daytime sleepiness. , 1984, Sleep.

[14]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Nocturnal determinants of daytime sleepiness. , 1982, Sleep.

[15]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Daytime alertness, insomnia, and benzodiazepines. , 1982, Sleep.

[16]  R. Broughton.  Biorhythmic variations in consciousness and psychological functions. , 1975 .

[17]  E. Hartmann,et al.  BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Sleep Induced by L-Tryptophan: Effect of Dosages within the Normal Dietary Intake , 1979, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[18]  D. Greenblatt,et al.  Daytime carryover of triazolam and flurazepam in elderly insomniacs. , 1982, Sleep.

[19]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Effects of Total Sleep Loss on Sleep Tendency , 1979, Perceptual and motor skills.

[20]  M. J. Blake,et al.  Time of day effects on performance in a range of tasks , 1967 .

[21]  A. Kales,et al.  Clinical Comparison of Benzodiazepine Hypnotics With Short and Long Elimination Half-Lives , 1985 .

[22]  T. Roth,et al.  Treatment of a 12-hour shift of sleep schedule with benzodiazepines. , 1984, Science.

[23]  T. Roth,et al.  Ethanol and caffeine effects on daytime sleepiness/alertness. , 1987, Sleep.

[24]  J. Krieger,et al.  Les modifications respiratoires au cours du sommeil du sujet agé normal , 1980 .

[25]  C A Czeisler,et al.  Timing of REM and stages 3 + 4 sleep during temporal isolation in man. , 1980, Sleep.

[26]  W. Dement,et al.  Daytime alertness in relation to mood, performance, and nocturnal sleep in chronic insomniacs and noncomplaining sleepers. , 1984, Sleep.

[27]  W. Dement,et al.  Quantification of sleepiness: a new approach. , 1973, Psychophysiology.

[28]  H. Kraemer,et al.  Disorders of excessive daytime somnolence: polygraphic and clinical data for 100 patients. , 1981, Sleep.

[29]  W. Dement,et al.  Sleepiness in insomnia: evaluation and treatment. , 1982, Sleep.

[30]  M M Mitler,et al.  Treatment of narcolepsy: objective studies on methylphenidate, pemoline, and protriptyline. , 1986, Sleep.

[31]  J. Koninck,et al.  Reappearance of electroencephalogram slow waves in extended sleep with delayed bedtime. , 1985, Sleep.

[32]  M. Mitler,et al.  Maintenance of wakefulness test: a polysomnographic technique for evaluation treatment efficacy in patients with excessive somnolence. , 1982, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[33]  J. De Koninck,et al.  Reappearance of EEG slow waves in extended sleep. , 1984, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[34]  W C Dement,et al.  Sleep loss in young adolescents. , 1981, Sleep.

[35]  S. Altmann.  Field Observations on a Howling Monkey Society , 1959 .

[36]  J. Aschoff.  Circadian Activity Pattern with Two Peaks , 1966 .

[37]  W C Dement,et al.  Respiration during sleep in the aged human. , 1981, Journal of gerontology.

[38]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Sleep fragmentation in the elderly: Relationship to daytime sleep tendency , 1982, Neurobiology of Aging.

[39]  I. E. Loewenfeld,et al.  Pupillary Movements During Acute and Chronic Fatigue A New Test for the Objective Evaluation of Tiredness , 1963 .

[40]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[41]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Application of the multiple sleep latency test in disorders of excessive sleepiness. , 1982, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[42]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Acute Restriction of Nocturnal Sleep in Children , 1981 .

[43]  H. L. Williams,et al.  Impaired performance with acute sleep loss. , 1959 .

[44]  H. L. Williams,et al.  Body temperature and psychological ratings during sleep deprivation. , 1958, Journal of experimental psychology.

[45]  W C Dement,et al.  Pubertal changes in daytime sleepiness. , 1980, Sleep.

[46]  R. T. Pivik,et al.  Failure of High Intensity Auditory Stimuli to Affect Behavioral Arousal in Children during the First Sleep Cycle , 1983, Pediatric Research.

[47]  M. Mitler,et al.  Forty-eight-hour polysomnographic evaluation of narcolepsy. , 1986, Sleep.

[48]  James M. Tanner,et al.  Growth at Adolescence , 1956 .

[49]  D F Kripke,et al.  Sleep apnea and nocturnal myoclonus in a senior population. , 1981, Sleep.

[50]  T. Roth,et al.  Daytime sleepiness and antihistamines. , 1984, Sleep.

[51]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Sleep loss in elderly volunteers. , 1985, Sleep.

[52]  T. Roth,et al.  Hypnotic residual effects of benzodiazepines with repeated administration. , 1986, Sleep.

[53]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Cumulative effects of sleep restriction on daytime sleepiness. , 1981, Psychophysiology.

[54]  M. Mitler,et al.  Multiple daytime nap approaches to evaluating the sleepy patient. , 1982, Sleep.

[55]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Sleep and wakefulness in aircrew before and after transoceanic flights. , 1986, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[56]  M. Carskadon,et al.  Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness. , 1986, Sleep.

[57]  K. N. Ogle,et al.  The pupillogram and narcolepsy , 1969, Neurology.