Design and analysis of RPL objective functions using variant routing metrics for IoT applications

The main objective of Internet of Things (IoT) is to connect almost all the devices anywhere and everywhere in the world. IoT network is heterogeneous in nature, hence routing the data packets in this network is a big challenge. Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy Network (RPL), has been designed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)  for such type of network. The existing design of RPL Objective Function (OF) is insufficient to cover all the issues of IoT applications. In this paper, the proposed OFs designs using various routing metrics are used to enhance the performance of the IoT applications. The analysis for various scenarios for these designs shows that only traditional hop and Expected Transmission Count (ETX) routing parameters will not fit for the smart applications need. The routing metric selection according to the application requirement is the principal idea of the proposed design. Three metrics ETX, Content and Energy, single and combination with each other are  used to enhance the design of objective function of RPL for IoT applications. The enhanced triggering technique is added in these designs for the improvement of RPL. This technique will eliminate the cumulative effect of the short-listen problem of default trickle timer. The result analysis done using Cooja simulator along with Contiki Operating System (OS) states that, all the designs are performing well in one or other manner than the traditional OF. Energy combined with Content (EC) and aggregation with Enhanced timer (EC_En_Timer) design gives better result for Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Latency Delay (LD) as compared to default OF design. Residual Energy (RE) combined with ETX (EE) and conjunction with Enhanced timer (EE_En_Timer) design works well for energy consumption. Overhead is very less in RE and ETX design. Conversion time is reduced by almost 50% in an En_Timer design. Higher PDR and low delay values of EC and EC_En_Timer design encourages its use in health monitoring application where reliability is essential. Low energy consumption results of RE, EE and EE_En_Timer designs are comfortable for forest monitoring application, as energy is a crucial aspect. This comparative result outcome will help to fulfill the IoT application requirements.

[1]  Mohammed Baz,et al.  A Collaborative Energy Optimization Routing Metric for IoT Network over Smart City , 2018, 2018 1st International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS).

[2]  Byung-Seo Kim,et al.  Internet of Things (IoT) Operating Systems Support, Networking Technologies, Applications, and Challenges: A Comparative Review , 2018, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[3]  Trilok Chand,et al.  Improved Trickle Algorithm for Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks , 2018, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[4]  Shun-Zheng Yu,et al.  Broadcast-Based Content Delivery in Information-Centric Hybrid Multihop Wireless Networks , 2017, IEEE Communications Letters.

[5]  Mohamed Abid,et al.  Simulation and performance evaluation of DAG construction with RPL , 2012, Third International Conference on Communications and Networking.

[6]  Dongkyun Kim,et al.  The effect of ETX measurement on routing performance in underwater sensor networks , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC).

[7]  Jorge Sá Silva,et al.  Enabling Network-Layer Security on IPv6 Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010.

[8]  Bernard Tourancheau,et al.  Multiple redundancy constants with trickle , 2015, 2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC).

[9]  Thomas H. Clausen,et al.  A critical evaluation of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) , 2011, 2011 IEEE 7th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob).

[10]  Mohammed Feham,et al.  QoS Routing RPL for Low Power and Lossy Networks , 2015, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[11]  Abderrahim Benslimane,et al.  An Energy-Efficient Multiobjective Scheduling Model for Monitoring in Internet of Things , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[12]  Nan Jiang,et al.  An optimization of the object function for routing protocol of low-power and Lossy networks , 2014, The 2014 2nd International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI 2014).

[13]  Abderrahim Benslimane,et al.  Multiple constrained QoS routing with RPL , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[14]  Reza Javidan,et al.  Adaptive timing model for improving routing and data aggregation in Internet of things networks using RPL , 2018, IET Networks.

[15]  Sherali Zeadally,et al.  Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Simulators, and Testbeds , 2018, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[16]  Borhanuddin Mohd Ali,et al.  A Review of 6LoWPAN Routing Protocols , 2010 .

[17]  L. A. Grieco,et al.  Performance analysis of the RPL Routing Protocol , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics.

[18]  Andrew H. Kemp,et al.  RPL-Based Routing Protocols in IoT Applications: A Review , 2019, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[19]  Yousaf Bin Zikria,et al.  A survey on routing protocols supported by the Contiki Internet of things operating system , 2018, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[20]  Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo,et al.  ERAOF: A new RPL protocol objective function for Internet of Things applications , 2017, 2017 2nd International Multidisciplinary Conference on Computer and Energy Science (SpliTech).

[21]  Harish H. Kenchannavar,et al.  RPL And COAP Protocols, Experimental Analysis for IOT: A Case Study , 2019, International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing.

[22]  J.A. Gutierrez,et al.  On the use of IEEE 802.15.4 to enable wireless sensor networks in pulp and paper industry , 2005, Conference Record of 2005 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference, 2005..

[23]  Leila Ben Saad,et al.  RPL protocol adapted for healthcare and medical applications , 2015, 2015 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC).

[24]  Yacine Challal,et al.  Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey , 2014, Comput. Networks.

[25]  Amir Masoud Rahmani,et al.  Internet of Things applications: A systematic review , 2019, Comput. Networks.

[26]  Alireza Ejlali,et al.  PEDAL: power-delay product objective function for internet of things applications , 2019, SAC.

[27]  Emmanuel Nataf,et al.  Survey on RPL enhancements: A focus on topology, security and mobility , 2018, Comput. Commun..

[28]  Gabriel Montenegro,et al.  IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals , 2007, RFC.

[29]  Yeliz Yengi,et al.  Design and performance analysis of information centric network for Internet of Things , 2017, 2017 25th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU).

[30]  Ahmed Yassin Al-Dubai,et al.  Trickle-plus: Elastic Trickle algorithm for low-power networks and Internet of Things , 2016, 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[31]  Harish H. Kenchannavar,et al.  Internet of Things: A survey related to various recent architectures and platforms available , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI).

[32]  Nadeem Javaid,et al.  Performance study of ETX based wireless routing metrics , 2009, 2009 2nd International Conference on Computer, Control and Communication.

[33]  Nabil Benamar,et al.  OF-EC: A novel energy consumption aware objective function for RPL based on fuzzy logic , 2018, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[34]  David E. Culler,et al.  Challenging the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL): A Survey , 2017, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[35]  Hossein Fotouhi,et al.  Optimizing RPL Objective Function for Mobile Low-Power Wireless Networks , 2017, 2017 IEEE 41st Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC).

[36]  Ahmed Yassin Al-Dubai,et al.  E-Trickle: Enhanced Trickle Algorithm for Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing.

[37]  Xianfeng Li,et al.  Evaluating and analyzing the performance of RPL in contiki , 2014, MSCC '14.

[38]  S. Sankar,et al.  Energy and Load Aware Routing Protocol for Internet of Things , 2018, International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences.

[39]  Bryan Scotney,et al.  Smart City Architecture and its Applications Based on IoT , 2015, ANT/SEIT.

[40]  Mahesh Sooriyabandara,et al.  Content centric routing in IoT networks and its integration in RPL , 2016, Comput. Commun..

[41]  A. Kachouri,et al.  Study of routing metrics for low power and lossy network , 2017, 2017 International Conference on Smart, Monitored and Controlled Cities (SM2C).