Thermal expansion of bismuth at low temperatures

Linear expansion coefficients are reported for bismuth down to 2?K. At the lowest temperature the anisotropy is considerable - ?parallel/?perpendicular similar, equals 4. The Gr?neisen parameter ? has a limiting value ?0 similar, equals 1?8, a minimum value of 0?8 near 8?K and reaches approximately 1?2 at 80?K.