Masked repetition and phonological priming within and across modalities.

Lexical decision latencies to word targets presented either visually or auditorily were faster when directly preceded by a briefly presented (53-ms) pattern-masked visual prime that was the same word as the target (repetition primes), compared with different word primes. Primes that were pseudohomophones of target words did not significantly influence target processing compared with unrelated primes (Experiments 1-2) but did produce robust priming effects with slightly longer prime exposures (67 ms) in Experiment 3. Like repetition priming, these pseudohomophone priming effects did not interact with target modality. Experiments 4 and 5 replicated this general pattern of effects while introducing a different measure of prime visibility and an orthographic priming condition. Results are interpreted within the framework of a bimodal interactive activation model.

[1]  Chris Davis,et al.  The density constraint on form-priming in the naming task: interference effects from a masked prime , 1991 .

[2]  D. Berry,et al.  Transfer across Form and Modality in Implicit and Explicit Memory , 1997, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[3]  J. Ziegler,et al.  Visual and Phonological Codes in Letter and Word Recognition: Evidence from Incremental Priming , 2000, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[4]  J. Ziegler,et al.  Orthography shapes the perception of speech: The consistency effect in auditory word recognition , 1998 .

[5]  Don L. Scarborough,et al.  Frequency and Repetition Effects in Lexical Memory. , 1977 .

[6]  Kim Kirsner,et al.  Domain-specific resources in word recognition , 1989 .

[7]  R M Shiffrin,et al.  Episodic and lexical contributions to the repetition effect in word identification. , 1983, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[8]  C. Perfetti,et al.  Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: Evidence from backward masking and priming , 1991 .

[9]  Ton Dijkstra,et al.  Shared neighborhood effects in masked orthographic priming , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[10]  J Grainger,et al.  Effects of Orthography are Independent of Phonology in Masked form Priming , 1994, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[11]  K. Forster,et al.  REPETITION PRIMING AND FREQUENCY ATTENUATION IN LEXICAL ACCESS , 1984 .

[12]  Pierre A. Hallé,et al.  Where Is the /b/ in “absurde” [apsyrd]? It Is in French Listeners' Minds , 2000 .

[13]  J Grainger,et al.  Orthographic processing in visual word recognition: a multiple read-out model. , 1996, Psychological review.

[14]  Jonathan Grainger,et al.  Temporal Integration of Information in Orthographic Priming , 1999 .

[15]  J. Grainger,et al.  Priming complex words: Evidence for supralexical representation of morphology , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[16]  Jonathan Grainger,et al.  Masked Orthographic and Phonological Priming in Visual Word Recognition and Naming: Cross-Task Comparisons , 1996 .

[17]  M Coltheart,et al.  DRC: a dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. , 2001, Psychological review.

[18]  J. Grainger,et al.  Priming word recognition with orthographic neighbors: effects of relative prime-target frequency. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[19]  M. Rugg.  ERP studies of memory. , 1995 .

[20]  Glyn W. Humphreys,et al.  Event perception and the word repetition effect , 1988 .

[21]  M. Ahissar,et al.  Are phonological effects fragile? The effect of luminance and exposure duration on form priming and phonological priming , 2003 .

[22]  R Frost,et al.  Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: true issues and false trails. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[23]  S C Draine,et al.  Replicable unconscious semantic priming. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[24]  G. Taylor,et al.  Differential backward masking of words and letters by masks of varying orthographic structure , 1978 .

[25]  J. Grainger,et al.  Phonology and Orthography in Visual Word Recognition: Evidence from Masked Non-Word Priming , 1992, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[26]  Emmanuel Dupoux,et al.  A functional disconnection between spoken and visual word recognition: evidence from unconscious priming , 2001, Cognition.

[27]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Activation by marginally perceptible ("subliminal") stimuli: dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[28]  Jonathan Grainger,et al.  Unconscious semantic priming from pictures , 1999, Cognition.

[29]  J. L. Mcclelland,et al.  Perception and masking of wholes and parts. , 1978, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[30]  J. Ziegler,et al.  Neighborhood effects in auditory word recognition: Phonological competition and orthographic facilitation. , 2003 .

[31]  S. Lewandowsky,et al.  Implicit Memory: Theoretical Issues , 1989 .

[32]  R. E. Walley,et al.  Lateral inhibition and cognitive masking: a neuropsychological theory of attention. , 1973, Psychological review.

[33]  Larry Hochhaus,et al.  Repetition and practice effects in a lexical decision task , 1974, Memory & cognition.

[34]  J. Grainger,et al.  Phonology and Orthography in Visual Word Recognition: Effects of Masked Homophone Primes , 1994 .

[35]  J Grainger,et al.  Masked partial-word priming in visual word recognition: effects of positional letter frequency. , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[36]  J Grainger,et al.  List context effects on masked phonological priming in the lexical decision task , 1996, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[37]  S. Dehaene,et al.  Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework , 2001, Cognition.

[38]  A. Jacobs,et al.  Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition , 1998 .

[39]  Kenneth I Forster,et al.  DMDX: A Windows display program with millisecond accuracy , 2003, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[40]  Randolph D. Easton,et al.  Visual–Auditory Events: Cross-Modal Perceptual Priming and Recognition Memory , 2001, Consciousness and Cognition.

[41]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  Competition for consciousness among visual events: the psychophysics of reentrant visual processes. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[42]  M. Rugg,et al.  Electrophysiology of Mind: Event-Related Brain Potentials and Cognition , 1995 .

[43]  J Grainger,et al.  The role of letter identity and letter position in orthographic priming , 1999, Perception & psychophysics.

[44]  Emma Loveman,et al.  A systematic investigation of same and cross modality priming using written and spoken responses , 2002, Memory.