UHF IoT Humidity and Temperature Sensor for Smart Agriculture Applications Powered from an Energy Harvesting System

This manuscript presents a novel UHF IoT humidity and temperature sensor module that is powered from an integrated energy harvesting (EH) system. The module is intended for smart agriculture applications. The sensing module is powered from the collected RF energy that is harvested by a meander monopole antenna operating at 915 MHz (US UHF band) and therefore the use of a battery is not required. The rectifying voltage doubler converts the received RF energy into DC while the Power Management Unit (PMU) boosts-up and stores the rectified voltage providing a regulated output voltage of 1.8V to the RFID tag IC (ROCKY100) and 3.3V to the microcontroller unit (MCU) and the humidity and temperature sensor IC. The communication RFID antenna uses the European UHF frequency band centered at 868 MHz. When the RFID tag IC is supplied with 1.8 V from the PMU it operates in semi-passive mode and it effectively increases its communication range. The ROCKY100 is EPC C1G2 compliant and is compatible with power harvesting modules and SPI communication to support external low-power sensors and actuators. In addition, a capacitive digital humidity and temperature sensor (HTS221) is used as the sensing module for soil measurements. The process of measuring the relative humidity and temperature of the soil is controlled with a Texas Instrument mixed signal microcontroller that possesses two SPI interfaces that allows it to communicate with the RFID IC and the sensor in parallel. Upon receiving a SPI directed read request from the RFID reader, the ROCKY100 SPI bridge requests the value of the last measurement from the microcontroller and the humidity and temperature measurements taken by the HTS221 IC are sent to the RFID reader. The use of harvested wireless energy as a power source makes the demonstrated module a potentially batteryless and thus a “Green” sensor.