Propagation of Measurement and Model Uncertainties through Multiline TRL Calibration

—In this work, we present a linear uncertainty (LU) propagation treatment of measurement and model uncertainties in multiline thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibration. The proposed method is in accordance with the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). We demonstrate that our proposed LU method delivers identical uncertainty compared to numerical simulation based on the Monte Carlo (MC) method, but in a more efficient way.