Synthesis of prosodic attitudinal variants in German backchannel ja

Feedback utterances are an important part of any dialog be- tween humans. When two or more persons talk, they use short backchannel utterances to signal understanding and interest in the conversation. Surprisingly little is known about the rela- tionship between the accompanying prosody and the meaning of feedback perceived by the dialog partner. We present a study of 12 synthesized German ja (yes) interjections that shows the influence of prosodic features on emotional and pragmatic per- ception of this kind of feedback. Listeners perceived utterances as bored, hesitant, or happy and agreeing depending on the prosodic parameters used for synthesis.