DO PARTNERS CARE ABOUT THEIR MUTUAL LOCATION? Spatial awareness in virtual environments

This paper reports on four experimental studies concerning regard to how people use space so as to solve problems collaboratively in virtual environments. Prior to presenting the results, it summarizes the wide range of literature concerning social uses of spatiality in human interactions. The experiments we conducted revealed that virtual space modifies and improves collaborative processes such as division of labor, grounding, communication, coordination, as well as the performance to the task. It concludes by proposing Computer Supported Collaborative Work practitioners' ideas about how to use these results in order to design more effective and more adapted environments.

[1]  F. Yates The Art of Memory , 1969 .

[2]  J. A. Cheyne,et al.  The effect of spatial and interpersonal variables on the invasion of group controlled territories. , 1972, Sociometry.

[3]  T. Schelling,et al.  The Strategy of Conflict. , 1961 .

[4]  Steve Benford,et al.  Supporting awareness and interaction through collaborative virtual interfaces , 1999, UIST '99.

[5]  E. Hall The hidden dimension: an anthropologist examines man's use of space in public and private , 1969 .

[6]  Steve Benford,et al.  From Rooms to Cyberspace: Models of Interaction in Large Virtual Computer Spaces , 1993, Interact. Comput..

[7]  Philip R. Cohen,et al.  Referring as a Collaborative Process , 2003 .

[8]  Tom Rodden,et al.  Proceedings of the 2002 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work , 2002 .

[9]  John Bowers,et al.  Practically accomplishing immersion: cooperation in and for virtual environments , 1996, CSCW '96.

[10]  Giacomo Mauro DAriano The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. , 2002 .

[11]  S. Lyman,et al.  Territoriality: A neglected sociological dimension. , 1967 .

[12]  Paul Dourish,et al.  Re-place-ing space: the roles of place and space in collaborative systems , 1996, CSCW '96.

[13]  John H. Bailey,et al.  Virtual spaces and real world places: transfer of route knowledge , 1996, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[14]  Duncan Joiner Social Ritual and Architectural Space , 1970 .

[15]  Steve Benford,et al.  User embodiment in collaborative virtual environments , 1995, CHI '95.

[16]  Mary Czerwinski,et al.  An initial examination of ease of use for 2D and 3D information visualizations of web content , 2000, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[17]  Andreas Dieberger,et al.  Social Connotations of Space in the Design for Virtual Communities and Social Navigation , 2003, Designing Information Spaces.

[18]  Kristina Höök,et al.  Social Navigation of Information Space , 1999, Computer Supported Cooperative Work.

[19]  Yvonne Rogers,et al.  Does it matter if you don't know who's talking?: multiplayer gaming with voiceover IP , 2004, CHI EA '04.

[20]  S Mastrogiacomo Utilisation de zones de travail partagées asynchrones pour améliorer la compréhension mutuelle dans les groupes de projets distribués. , 2002 .

[21]  Robert E. Kraut,et al.  --Understanding Effects of Proximity on Collaboration : Implications for Technologies to Support Remote Collaborative Work , 2001 .

[22]  Jae-Shin Lee,et al.  Isn't That Spatial?: Distance and Communication in a 2-D Virtual Environment , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[23]  Geraldine Fitzpatrick,et al.  Physical spaces, virtual places and social worlds: a study of work in the virtual , 1996, CSCW '96.

[24]  Gloria Mark,et al.  Why distance matters: effects on cooperation, persuasion and deception , 2002, CSCW '02.

[25]  Steve Benford,et al.  Revealing the realities of collaborative virtual reality , 2000, CVE '00.

[26]  Steve Benford,et al.  Fragmented interaction: establishing mutual orientation in virtual environments , 1998, CSCW '98.

[27]  J. Alberto Espinosa,et al.  Coming to the wrong decision quickly: why awareness tools must be matched with appropriate tasks , 2000, CHI.

[28]  Mitchel Resnick,et al.  Virtual Professional Community: Results from the MediaMOO Project1 , 2007 .

[29]  Neville A. Stanton Explorations into hypertext: spatial metaphor considered harmful , 1994 .

[30]  Kristina Höök,et al.  Footprints in the Snow , 1999 .

[31]  Herbert H. Clark,et al.  Grounding in communication , 1991, Perspectives on socially shared cognition.

[32]  Paul Dourish,et al.  Running Out of Space: Models of Information Navigation , 1999 .

[33]  Austin Henderson,et al.  Rooms: the use of multiple virtual workspaces to reduce space contention in a window-based graphical user interface , 1986, TOGS.

[34]  Yong Jeong,et al.  Spatial cognition , 2004, Neurology.

[35]  Youngme Moon,et al.  The effects of physical distance and response latency on persuasion in computer-mediated communication and human–computer communication. , 1999 .

[36]  Tom Gross Virtual Communities on Stage : Supporting Chance Encounters , Communication and Awareness in a Theatre of Work , 2002 .

[37]  Matthew Lombard,et al.  At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence , 2006 .

[38]  B. Latané The psychology of social impact. , 1981 .

[39]  R. Krauss,et al.  Concurrent feedback, confirmation, and the encoding of referents in verbal communication. , 1966, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[40]  Elena Rocco,et al.  Trust breaks down in electronic contexts but can be repaired by some initial face-to-face contact , 1998, CHI.

[41]  Frank Biocca,et al.  How do users organize virtual tools around their body in immersive virtual and augmented environments ? : An exploratory study of egocentric spatial mapping of virtual tools in the mobile infosphere , 2003 .

[42]  Merideth Leigh Gattis,et al.  Spatial schemas and abstract thought , 2001 .

[43]  Kristina Höök,et al.  Workshop on personalized and social navigation in information space , 1998 .

[44]  A. Paul Hare,et al.  Seating Position and Small Group Interaction , 1963 .

[45]  B STEINZOR,et al.  The spatial factor in face to face discussion groups. , 1950, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[46]  E. S. Knowles,et al.  Boundaries around group interaction: the effect of group size and member status on boundary permeability. , 1973, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[47]  Saul Greenberg,et al.  Using a Room Metaphor to Ease Transitions in Groupware , 1998 .

[48]  George W. Furnas,et al.  Navigation in electronic worlds: a CHI 97 workshop , 1997, SGCH.

[49]  Stephen C. Hirtle,et al.  The Nature of Landmarks for Real and Electronic Spaces , 1999, COSIT.

[50]  Hirofumi Minam,et al.  Social and Environmental Psychology , 1995 .

[51]  Youngme Moon,et al.  The effects of distance in local versus remote human-computer interaction , 1998, CHI.

[52]  Steve Benford,et al.  Collaborative virtual environments , 2001, CACM.

[53]  M. Roseman,et al.  A usability study of awareness widgets in a shared workspace groupware system , 1996, CSCW '96.

[54]  Pierre Dillenbourg,et al.  The role of a whiteboard in a distributed cognitive system , 1997 .

[55]  Howard Rheingold,et al.  Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution , 2002 .

[56]  Stephanie D. Teasley,et al.  Perspectives on socially shared cognition , 1991 .

[57]  David Kirsh,et al.  The Intelligent Use of Space , 1995, Artif. Intell..

[58]  Lynn Cherny The Situated Behavior of MUD Back Channels , 1995 .

[59]  Paul U. Lee,et al.  How Space Structures Language , 1998, Spatial Cognition.

[60]  A. Bruckman,et al.  The MediaMOO Project , 1995 .

[61]  W. H. Ittelson,et al.  Environmental psychology: People and their physical settings , 1976 .