Original paper: Artificial neural network implementation in single low-cost chip for the detection of insecticides by modeling of screen-printed enzymatic sensors response

This work presents a hardware implementation of artificial neural networks (ANNs) using a dsPIC^(R) microcontroller to resolve mixtures of pesticides measured by amperometric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensors. The response of three biosensors with different concentrations of Chlorpyrifos Oxon (CPO) and Chlorfenvinfos (CFV) was modeled by two ANNs, which were implemented on the dsPIC^(R). The performance of the ANNs was good, the prediction ability was better than 0.986 when the obtained values were compared with those expected for a set of eight external test samples, which were not used for training. This implementation is proposed to develop low-cost analytical chemical specialized tools.

[1]  Jean-Louis Marty,et al.  Immobilization of acetylcholinesterase on screen-printed electrodes: comparative study between three immobilization methods and applications to the detection of organophosphorus insecticides , 2002 .

[2]  P. Letardi,et al.  Applications of chemometric tools in corrosion studies , 2010 .

[3]  C. Gonçalves,et al.  Assessment of pesticide contamination in soil samples from an intensive horticulture area, using ultrasonic extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2005, Talanta.

[4]  Jean-Louis Marty,et al.  The use of Artificial Neural Networks for the selective detection of two organophosphate insecticides: chlorpyrifos and chlorfenvinfos. , 2009, Talanta.

[5]  I. Lundström,et al.  Electronic tongues for environmental monitoring based on sensor arrays and pattern recognition: a review , 2001 .

[6]  Jean-Louis Marty,et al.  Phosphotriesterase: a complementary tool for the selective detection of two organophosphate insecticides: chlorpyrifos and chlorfenvinfos. , 2009, Talanta.

[7]  Subir Ghosh,et al.  Optimum two level fractional factorial plans for model identification and discrimination , 2006 .

[8]  E. Won,et al.  A hardware implementation of artificial neural networks using field programmable gate arrays , 2007, physics/0703041.

[9]  Seul Jung,et al.  Hardware implementation of a real time neural network controller with a DSP and an FPGA , 2004, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004.

[10]  Serge Kokot,et al.  Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Maltol, Ethyl Maltol, Vanillin and Ethyl Vanillin in Foods by Multivariate Calibration and Artificial Neural Networks. , 2005 .

[11]  Naleih M. Botros,et al.  Hardware implementation of an artificial neural network using field programmable gate arrays (FPGA's) , 1994, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[12]  Jean-Louis Marty,et al.  A review of the use of genetically engineered enzymes in electrochemical biosensors. , 2009, Seminars in cell & developmental biology.

[13]  Ibrahim Turkoglu.  Hardware implementation of varicap diode's ANN model using PIC microcontrollers , 2007 .

[14]  Ang Li,et al.  Design and Implementation of a General Purpose Neural Network Processor , 2007, ISNN.

[15]  Angela M Betancourt,et al.  The effect of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon on brain cholinesterase, muscarinic receptor binding, and neurotrophin levels in rats following early postnatal exposure. , 2003, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[16]  U.C. Pealoza,et al.  A Methodology for Implementation of the Execution Phase of Artificial Neural Networks in Digital Hardware Devices , 2008, 2008 Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference (CERMA '08).

[17]  Ru-Qin Yu,et al.  Advancement of three chemometric tools: network architecture, unsupervised learning and nonlinear feature extraction , 1999 .

[18]  Marek Trojanowicz,et al.  Determination of organophosphate pesticides at a carbon nanotube/organophosphorus hydrolase electrochemical biosensor , 2005 .

[19]  Baoxin Li,et al.  Simultaneous determination of three organophosphorus pesticides residues in vegetables using continuous-flow chemiluminescence with artificial neural network calibration. , 2007, Talanta.

[20]  Paul W. Prickett,et al.  A Petri-net based distributed monitoring system using PIC microcontrollers , 2005, Microprocess. Microsystems.

[21]  A. F. Stronach,et al.  Implementation of ANN-based sensorless induction motor drives , 1999, IEMDC 1999.

[22]  Anton Gunzinger,et al.  Fast neural net simulation with a DSP processor array , 1995, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[23]  K. Courtney,et al.  A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. , 1961, Biochemical pharmacology.

[24]  Richard A Fenske,et al.  Temporal association of children's pesticide exposure and agricultural spraying: report of a longitudinal biological monitoring study. , 2002, Environmental health perspectives.

[25]  Tse-Chuan Chou,et al.  A portable potentiostat for the bilirubin-specific sensor prepared from molecular imprinting. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[26]  Jihan Zhu,et al.  FPGA Implementations of Neural Networks - A Survey of a Decade of Progress , 2003, FPL.

[27]  Jean-Louis Marty,et al.  Twenty years research in cholinesterase biosensors: from basic research to practical applications. , 2006, Biomolecular engineering.

[28]  Johann Gasteiger,et al.  Neural networks in chemistry and drug design , 1999 .

[29]  Ruisheng Zhang,et al.  Application of artificial neural networks for the simultaneous determination of a mixture of fluorescent dyes by synchronous fluorescence , 2000 .

[30]  Rekha S. Singhal,et al.  Use of an artificial neural network in modeling yeast biomass and yield of β-glucan , 2005 .

[31]  Jean-Louis Marty,et al.  Enzyme immobilization procedures on screen-printed electrodes used for the detection of anticholinesterase pesticides Comparative study , 2004 .

[32]  Fernando Morgado Dias,et al.  Artificial neural networks: a review of commercial hardware , 2004, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[33]  Curtis D. Klaassen,et al.  Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons , 1981 .

[34]  L. Leija,et al.  Application of the wavelet transform coupled with artificial neural networks for quantification purposes in a voltammetric electronic tongue , 2006 .

[35]  Roberto Guardani,et al.  Neural network based approach for optimization of industrial chemical processes , 2000 .

[36]  Seul Jung,et al.  Hardware Implementation of a Real-Time Neural Network Controller With a DSP and an FPGA for Nonlinear Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[37]  Matthew D. Steinberg,et al.  A micropower amperometric potentiostat , 2004 .