Fully-protected marine reserves: A guide

Readers are welcome to copy this booklet in full or part, provided that copies are not resold and that the work is properly credited to the authors. Requests for permission to reprint sections should be made to Acknowledgements: We owe a great debt of gratitude to many people. The initial kernel for this booklet was a paper, " Marine reserves: a brief guide for decision makers and users " , presented in 1994 at a Caribbean conference, and in the end never published. Will Hildesley and Scott Burns from the WWF Endangered Seas Campaign provided the support to enable us to build on this paper and transform our ideas from musings into reality. Nick Polunin gave us our first taste of research on marine reserves while LaVerne Ragster gave us the freedom to pursue this further while at the University of the Virgin Islands. We are very grateful to all of those people who have so kindly helped us work in marine parks and reserves worldwide, including Charitable Trusts. We much appreciate all their support. Our ideas about reserves have been shaped by lengthy discussions with many people over the last decade. have been an inspiration over many years with their commitment to get reserves established and their remarkable ability to communicate their ideas with others. We also especially thank participants at marine During the last two years, we have benefitted enormously from discussions with members of two working groups on marine reserves, at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis in Santa Barbara, and the US National Research Council Committee on Evaluation, Monitoring and Design of Marine Protected Areas and Marine Reserves. The former group is headed up by Jane Lubchenco, Steve Palumbi and Steve Gaines, and we thank them for their kind invitation to join their group. We thank all of the others in these groups, who are too numerous to name individually, for so freely sharing their insights and expertise. White for reading through the manuscript of this book and giving us such helpful comments. Front cover: View across the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary in Washington State, USA. Many marine protected areas, like this one, do not yet offer full-protection from fishing within any of their waters. Back cover: School of Galápagos grunts (Orthopristis forbesi) at Corona del Diablo, Galápagos Islands. This species is found only in the Galápagos and will benefit from the newly …

[1]  E. Holdsworth.  The Sea Fisheries of Great Britain and Ireland , 2009, Nature.

[2]  A. Mcintyre.  Sustaining Marine Fisheries , 2002 .

[3]  D. Malleret-King.  A food security approach to marine protected area impacts on surrounding fishing communities: the case of Kisite Marine National Park in Kenya , 2000 .

[4]  John C. V. Pezzey,et al.  A simple bioeconomic model of a marine reserve , 2000 .

[5]  T. McClanahan.  Is there a future for coral reef parks in poor tropical countries? , 1999, Coral Reefs.

[6]  Nick T. Shears,et al.  Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves , 1999 .

[7]  Marc Mangel,et al.  No‐take Reserve Networks: Sustaining Fishery Populations and Marine Ecosystems , 1999 .

[8]  J. Wilen,et al.  MARINE RESERVES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA RED SEA URCHIN FISHERY , 1999 .

[9]  Neville S. Barrett,et al.  Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants , 1999 .

[10]  C. Roberts,et al.  Effects of Recreational Scuba Diving on Caribbean Coral and Fish Communities , 1999 .

[11]  J. Castilla,et al.  Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments. , 1999, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[12]  Hawkins,et al.  Extinction risk in the sea. , 1999, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[13]  L. Botsford,et al.  Equivalence in yield from marine reserves and traditional fisheries management , 1999, Science.

[14]  D. Kramer,et al.  Gradients in coral reef fish density and size across the Barbados Marine Reserve boundary: effects of reserve protection and habitat characteristics , 1999 .

[15]  Elliott A. Norse,et al.  Disturbance of the Seabed by Mobile Fishing Gear: A Comparison to Forest Clearcutting , 1998 .

[16]  Rögnvaldur Hannesson,et al.  Marine Reserves: What Would They Accomplish? , 1998, Marine Resource Economics.

[17]  Ussif Rashid Sumaila,et al.  Protected marine reserves as fisheries management tools: A bioeconomic analysis. , 1998 .

[18]  Casey,et al.  Near extinction of a large, widely distributed fish , 1998, Science.

[19]  S. Jennings.  Cousin Island, Seychelles: a small, effective and internationally managed marine reserve , 1998, Coral Reefs.

[20]  R. E. Johannes,et al.  The case for data-less marine resource management: examples from tropical nearshore finfisheries. , 1998, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[21]  J. Bohnsack.  Application of marine reserves to reef fisheries management , 1998 .

[22]  M. Tegner,et al.  SLIDING BASELINES, GHOSTS, AND REDUCED EXPECTATIONS IN KELP FOREST COMMUNITIES , 1998 .

[23]  D. Pauly,et al.  Fishing down marine food webs , 1998, Science.

[24]  J. Roughgarden.  HOW TO MANAGE FISHERIES , 1998 .

[25]  Jane Lubchenco,et al.  MARINE RESERVES ARE NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR MARINE CONSERVATION , 1998 .

[26]  M. Kulbicki,et al.  Effects of marine reserves on coral reef fish communities from five islands in New Caledonia , 1997, Coral Reefs.

[27]  J. Connell.  Disturbance and recovery of coral assemblages , 1997, Coral Reefs.

[28]  C. Roberts,et al.  Connectivity and management of caribbean coral reefs , 1997, Science.

[29]  C. Roberts,et al.  How small can a marine reserve be and still be effective? , 1997, Coral Reefs.

[30]  P. Hammond.  Marine protected areas: Principles and techniques for management , 1997 .

[31]  G. M. Branch,et al.  Criteria, objectives and methodology for evaluating marine protected areas in South Africa , 1997 .

[32]  C. Attwood,et al.  International experience of marine protected areas and their relevance to South Africa , 1997 .

[33]  D. Holland,et al.  Marine Reserves for Fisheries Management , 1996, Marine Resource Economics.

[34]  G. Russ,et al.  Marine Reserves: Rates and Patterns of Recovery and Decline of Large Predatory Fish , 1996 .

[35]  T. McClanahan,et al.  Fishery Recovery in a Coral‐reef Marine Park and Its Effect on the Adjacent Fishery , 1996 .

[36]  Garry R. Russ,et al.  Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo Island, central Philippines , 1996 .

[37]  D. Kramer,et al.  Effect of a marine reserve on the distribution of coral reef fishes in Barbados , 1996 .

[38]  D. Righton,et al.  The Effects of Fishing on Coral Reef Fish Abundance and Diversity , 1996, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[39]  C. Safina,et al.  The World's Imperiled Fish , 1995 .

[40]  C. Roberts.  Rapid Build-up of Fish Biomass in a Caribbean Marine Reserve , 1995 .

[41]  C. Attwood,et al.  Variation in Dispersal of Galjoen (Coracinus capensis) (Teleostei: Coracinidae) from a Marine Reserve , 1994 .

[42]  C. Rogers,et al.  Coral reef monitoring manual for the Caribbean and Western Atlantic , 1994 .

[43]  G. Rose,et al.  Cod spawning on a migration highway in the north-west Atlantic , 1993, Nature.

[44]  James F. Quinn,et al.  Harvest Refugia in Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: Models and Applications to the Red Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus , 1993 .

[45]  N. Polunin,et al.  Marine reserves: simple solutions to managing complex fisheries? , 1993 .

[46]  James A. Bohnsack,et al.  Marine reserves: they enhance fisheries, reduce conflicts, and protect resources , 1993 .

[47]  J. Dugan,et al.  Applications of marine refugia to coastal fisheries management , 1993 .

[48]  D. Reed,et al.  Conceptual Issues Relevant to Marine Harvest Refuges: Examples from Temperate Reef Fishes , 1993 .

[49]  G E Davis,et al.  Design elements of monitoring programs: The necessary ingredients for success , 1993, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[50]  R. Kenchington,et al.  Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas , 1991 .

[51]  Tom Polacheck,et al.  YEAR AROUND CLOSED AREAS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL , 1990 .

[52]  C. Buxton,et al.  Abundance and distribution patterns of three temperate reef fishes (Teleostei:Sparidae) in exploited and unexploited areas off the southern Cape coast , 1989 .

[53]  J. Castilla,et al.  Human exclusion from the rocky intertidal zone of central Chile: the effects on Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda) , 1985 .

[54]  J. Bell.  EFFECTS OF DEPTH AND MARINE RESERVE FISHING RESTRICTIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF A ROCKY REEF FISH ASSEMBLAGE IN THE NORTH-WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA , 1983 .

[55]  H. Cowles.  Submerged Forests , 1915, Botanical Gazette.

[56]  K. R. Clarke,et al.  Change in marine communities : an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation , 2001 .

[57]  Marc Mangel,et al.  On the fraction of habitat allocated to marine reserves , 2000 .

[58]  L. Beckley,et al.  Biogeography and the selection of priority areas for conservation of South African coastal fishes , 2000 .

[59]  B. Ballantine.  DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SYSTEMS OF ÔNO-TAKEÕ MARINE RESERVES , 2000 .

[60]  B. Ballantine.  MARINE RESERVES IN NEW ZEALAND: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT AND THE PRINCIPLES , 2000 .

[61]  Tony J. Pitcher,et al.  An age-structured model showing the benefits of marine reserves in controlling overexploitation , 1999 .

[62]  C. Roberts,et al.  Fisheries benefits and optimal design of marine reserves , 1999 .

[63]  M. Yoklavich.  Marine harvest refugia for west coast rockfish : a workshop / Mary M. Yoklavich, editor , 1998 .

[64]  T. Agardy.  Marine protected areas and ocean conservation , 1997 .

[65]  R. Ormond,et al.  Effect of briefings on rates of damage to corals by scuba divers , 1997 .

[66]  C. Roberts.  Ecological advice for the global fisher crisis. , 1997, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[67]  C. Marine.  THE BENEFITS OF A MARINE FISHERY RESERVE FOR NASSAU GROUPER EP .LmLPHELUS STRIATUS IN THE CENTRAL BAHAMAS , 1997 .

[68]  S. Jennings,et al.  Seychelles' marine protected areas: Comparative structure and status of reef fish communities , 1996 .

[69]  Y. Letourneur.  Réponses des peuplements et populations de poissons aux réserves marines: le cas de l’île de Mayotte, Océan Indien occidental , 1996 .

[70]  J. Bohnsack.  Maintenance and recovery of reef fishery productivity , 1996 .

[71]  J. Howard,et al.  Queen conch, Strombus gigas, in fished and unfished locations of the Bahamas: effects of a marine fishery reserve on adults, juveniles, and larval production , 1996 .

[72]  R. Law,et al.  Role of marine reserves in recruitment to reef fisheries: A metapopulation model , 1995 .

[73]  Graeme Kelleher,et al.  A Global representative system of marine protected areas , 1995 .

[74]  A. J. Hooten,et al.  Sustainable financing mechanisms for coral reef conservation , 1995 .

[75]  R. Grigg.  Effects of sewage discharge, fishing pressure and habitat complexity on coral ecosystems and reef fishes in Hawaii , 1994 .

[76]  C. Roberts,et al.  The growth of coastal tourism in the Red Sea: present and future effects on coral reefs. , 1994 .

[77]  P. Mace,et al.  Relationships between Common Biological Reference Points Used as Thresholds and Targets of Fisheries Management Strategies , 1994 .

[78]  G. Russ,et al.  Sumilon Island reserve: 20 years of hopes and frustrations , 1994 .

[79]  Alan T. White,et al.  Collaborative and community-based management of coral reefs : lessons from experience , 1994 .

[80]  A. Ramos-Esplá,et al.  The status of marine conservation in Spain , 1994 .

[81]  N. Polunin,et al.  Greater biomass and value of target coral-reef fishes in two small Caribbean marine reserves. , 1993 .

[82]  J. Dixon,et al.  Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean , 1993 .

[83]  P. Mace,et al.  How much spawning per recruit is enough , 1993 .

[84]  C. Goodyear,et al.  Spawning stock biomass per recruit in fisheries management: foundation and current use , 1993 .

[85]  J. Pernetta.  Monitoring coral reefs for global change , 1993 .

[86]  N. Polunin,et al.  Effects of marine reserve protection on northern Red Sea fish populations. , 1992 .

[87]  B. Bennett,et al.  Evidence for recovery of a surf-zone fish assemblage following the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa , 1991 .

[88]  G. Russ,et al.  A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources , 1990 .

[89]  John R. Clark,et al.  Benefits from Coral Reef Protection: Looe Key Reef, Florida , 1989 .

[90]  J. Munro.  Caribbean coral reef fishery resources , 1983 .

[91]  G. Davis,et al.  Marine parks and sanctuaries for spiny lobster fisheries management , 1980 .