Monitoring secretory membrane with FM1-43 fluorescence.

FM1-43 and similar styryl dyes have proven useful as probes for membrane trafficking because they reversibly stain membranes, are impermeable to membranes, and are more fluorescent when bound to membranes than when in solution. Because these dyes stain membranes in an activity-dependent manner, they are ideal for studies of neurotransmitter release mechanisms such as synaptic vesicle recycling, exocytosis, and endocytosis. FM dyes have been used in conjunction with other techniques such as fluorescent calcium indicator dyes and electrophysiological techniques to elucidate mechanisms of presynaptic calcium homeostasis and modulation of neurotransmitter release. Presynaptic membranes have been marked by FM dyes in studies of synaptogenesis and reinnervation. As a probe for endocytosed membranes, these dyes have been used to examine vacuole formation in yeast. These versatile membrane dyes are useful in a variety of applications.

[1]  Y. Kidokoro,et al.  Two Distinct Pools of Synaptic Vesicles in Single Presynaptic Boutons in a Temperature-Sensitive Drosophila Mutant, shibire , 1998, Neuron.

[2]  J. Lübke,et al.  FM1-43 dye ultrastructural localization in and release from frog motor nerve terminals. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  H. Peng,et al.  Dynamics of Synaptic Vesicles in Cultured Spinal Cord Neurons in Relationship to Synaptogenesis , 1996, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[4]  W. Betz,et al.  Nerve Activity but Not Intracellular Calcium Determines the Time Course of Endocytosis at the Frog Neuromuscular Junction , 1996, Neuron.

[5]  H. M. Fishman,et al.  Repair of plasmalemmal lesions by vesicles. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[6]  W. Betz,et al.  Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction. , 1992, Science.

[7]  Stephen J. Smith,et al.  The kinetics of synaptic vesicle recycling measured at single presynaptic boutons , 1993, Neuron.

[8]  Leon Lagnado,et al.  Continuous Vesicle Cycling in the Synaptic Terminal of Retinal Bipolar Cells , 1996, Neuron.

[9]  R. Tsien,et al.  Synaptic transmission at single visualized hippocampal boutons , 1995, Neuropharmacology.

[10]  M. Gershon,et al.  In situ identification and visualization of neurons that mediate enteric and enteropancreatic reflexes , 1996 .

[11]  P. Haydon,et al.  Intracellular Acidification Reversibly Reduces Endocytosis at the Neuromuscular Junction , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[12]  W. Betz,et al.  Simultaneous independent measurement of endocytosis and exocytosis , 1996, Nature.

[13]  Timothy H. Murphy,et al.  Ca2+ Imaging of CNS Axons in Culture Indicates Reliable Coupling between Single Action Potentials and Distal Functional Release Sites , 1996, Neuron.

[14]  S. Schaus,et al.  Cell viability and probe-cell membrane interactions of XR1 glial cells imaged by atomic force microscopy. , 1997, Biophysical journal.

[15]  H. Reuter,et al.  A Role of Intracellular Na+ in the Regulation of Synaptic Transmission and Turnover of the Vesicular Pool in Cultured Hippocampal Cells , 1996, Neuron.

[16]  M. Terasaki,et al.  Visualization of exocytosis during sea urchin egg fertilization using confocal microscopy. , 1995, Journal of cell science.

[17]  Antonio Malgaroli,et al.  Loose-patch recordings of single quanta at individual hippocampal synapses , 1997, Nature.

[18]  W. Betz,et al.  Optical measurements of activity-dependent membrane recycling in motor nerve terminals of mammalian skeletal muscle , 1994, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[19]  R. Tsien,et al.  Properties of synaptic transmission at single hippocampal synaptic boutons , 1995, Nature.

[20]  Stephen J. Smith,et al.  Potentiation of Evoked Vesicle Turnover at Individually Resolved Synaptic Boutons , 1996, Neuron.

[21]  K. Köhrer,et al.  Multilamellar endosome-like compartment accumulates in the yeast vps28 vacuolar protein sorting mutant. , 1996, Molecular biology of the cell.

[22]  A. Herrera,et al.  Precision of Reinnervation and Synaptic Remodeling Observed in Neuromuscular Junctions of Living Frogs , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[23]  S. J. Smith,et al.  The timing of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  Stephen J. Smith,et al.  Evidence for a Role of Dendritic Filopodia in Synaptogenesis and Spine Formation , 1996, Neuron.

[25]  D. Nicholls,et al.  Exocytosis and Selective Neurite Calcium Responses in Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells During Field Stimulation , 1995, The European journal of neuroscience.

[26]  A. Henkel,et al.  Staurosporine blocks evoked release of FM1-43 but not acetylcholine from frog motor nerve terminals , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[27]  C. Guatimosim,et al.  A toxin from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer that blocks calcium channels coupled to exocytosis , 1997, British journal of pharmacology.

[28]  Stephen J. Smith,et al.  Vesicle pool mobilization during action potential firing at hippocampal synapses , 1995, Neuron.

[29]  P. De Camilli,et al.  Mobility of Synaptic Vesicles in Nerve Endings Monitored by Recovery from Photobleaching of Synaptic Vesicle-Associated Fluorescence , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[30]  K. Miyake,et al.  Vesicle accumulation and exocytosis at sites of plasma membrane disruption , 1995, The Journal of cell biology.

[31]  S. Emr,et al.  A new vital stain for visualizing vacuolar membrane dynamics and endocytosis in yeast , 1995, The Journal of cell biology.

[32]  O. Sporns,et al.  Potassium ion- and nitric oxide-induced exocytosis from populations of hippocampal synapses during synaptic maturation in vitro , 1997, Neuroscience.

[33]  D. Nicholls,et al.  The development of Ca2+ channel responses and their coupling to exocytosis in cultured cerebellar granule cells , 1997, Neuroscience.

[34]  P. Pappone,et al.  Purinergic receptor stimulation increases membrane trafficking in brown adipocytes , 1996, The Journal of general physiology.

[35]  T. Sejnowski,et al.  Heterogeneous Release Properties of Visualized Individual Hippocampal Synapses , 1997, Neuron.

[36]  W. Betz,et al.  Monitoring secretion in real time: capacitance, amperometry and fluorescence compared , 1997, Trends in Neurosciences.

[37]  Stephen J. Smith,et al.  Optical detection of a quantal presynaptic membrane turnover , 1997, Nature.

[38]  R R Ribchester,et al.  Persistent polyneuronal innervation in partially denervated rat muscle after reinnervation and recovery from prolonged nerve conduction block , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[39]  W. Betz,et al.  Intracellular movements of fluorescently labeled synaptic vesicles in frog motor nerve terminals during nerve stimulation , 1992, Neuron.

[40]  J. Isaacson,et al.  GABAB-Mediated Presynaptic Inhibition of Excitatory Transmission and Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons , 1997, Neuron.

[41]  V. Moreau,et al.  The yeast actin-related protein Arp2p is required for the internalization step of endocytosis. , 1997, Molecular biology of the cell.

[42]  A. Dunaevsky,et al.  Stability of frog motor nerve terminals in the absence of target muscle fibers. , 1998, Developmental biology.

[43]  A. Dunaevsky,et al.  Transmitter release differs at snake twitch and tonic endplates during potassium-induced nerve terminal depolarization. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[44]  J. Shaw,et al.  Vacuole partitioning during meiotic division in yeast. , 1996, Genetics.

[45]  M. Cousin,et al.  Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Cells: Role of Vesicular Acidification and Refilling , 1997, Journal of neurochemistry.

[46]  W. Betz,et al.  Comparison of FM1-43 staining patterns and electrophysiological measures of transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction , 1993, Journal of Physiology-Paris.

[47]  A. Chang,et al.  Novel Genes Involved in Endosomal Traffic in Yeast Revealed by Suppression of a Targeting-defective Plasma Membrane ATPase Mutant , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[48]  P. Greengard,et al.  Synaptic vesicle recycling in synapsin I knock-out mice , 1996, The Journal of cell biology.

[49]  S. Emr,et al.  ARF is required for maintenance of yeast Golgi and endosome structure and function. , 1998, Molecular biology of the cell.

[50]  W. Betz,et al.  Synaptic Vesicle Movements Monitored by Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching in Nerve Terminals Stained with FM1-43 , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[51]  F. Benfenati,et al.  Molecular and Functional Diversity at Synapses of Individual Neurons In Vitro , 1997, The European journal of neuroscience.

[52]  H. Reuter,et al.  Measurements of exocytosis from single presynaptic nerve terminals reveal heterogeneous inhibition by Ca2+-channel blockers , 1995, Neuron.

[53]  T. Haller,et al.  Dynamics of surfactant release in alveolar type II cells. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[54]  R. S. Wilkinson,et al.  Release properties of isolated neuromuscular boutons of the garter snake. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[55]  A. Dunaevsky,et al.  Long-term maintenance of presynaptic function in the absence of target muscle fibers , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[56]  Y. Kidokoro,et al.  An inhibitory role of calcineurin in endocytosis of synaptic vesicles at nerve terminals of Drosophila larvae , 1997, Neuroscience Research.

[57]  H. Schulman,et al.  Nitric oxide stimulates Ca2+-independent synaptic vesicle release , 1994, Neuron.

[58]  W. Betz,et al.  Monitoring of Black Widow Spider Venom (BWSV) induced exo- and endocytosis in living frog motor nerve terminals with FM1-43 , 1995, Neuropharmacology.

[59]  Steven S. Vogel,et al.  Direct membrane retrieval into large vesicles after exocytosis in sea urchin eggs , 1995, The Journal of cell biology.

[60]  S. Shorte,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of [Ca2+]i and secretion-coupled membrane turnover, by single cell fluorescence microscopy. , 1995, Cell calcium.

[61]  R. Kelly,et al.  Intermediates in synaptic vesicle recycling revealed by optical imaging of Drosophila neuromuscular junctions , 1994, Neuron.

[62]  W. Betz,et al.  Imaging exocytosis and endocytosis , 1996, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[63]  W. Betz,et al.  Optical monitoring of transmitter release and synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[64]  H. Reuter,et al.  Localization and functional significance of the Na+/Ca2+exchanger in presynaptic boutons of hippocampal cells in culture , 1995, Neuron.

[65]  G. Bi,et al.  Cell membrane resealing by a vesicular mechanism similar to neurotransmitter release. , 1994, Science.

[66]  H. Schulman,et al.  Nitric Oxide Modulates Synaptic Vesicle Docking/Fusion Reactions , 1996, Neuron.

[67]  S. Grinstein,et al.  Fc receptor-triggered insertion of secretory granules into the plasma membrane of human neutrophils: selective retrieval during phagocytosis. , 1997, Journal of immunology.

[68]  D. J. Carroll,et al.  Proteases stimulate fertilization-like responses in starfish eggs. , 1995, Developmental biology.

[69]  Jeff W. Lichtman,et al.  Multiple innervation of tonic endplates revealed by activity-dependent uptake of fluorescent probes , 1985, Nature.

[70]  S. Emr,et al.  A novel fluorescence-activated cell sorter-based screen for yeast endocytosis mutants identifies a yeast homologue of mammalian eps15 , 1996, The Journal of cell biology.

[71]  M. Cousin,et al.  Glutamate exocytosis from cerebellar granule cells: The mechanism of a transition to an L-type Ca2+ channel coupling , 1995, Neuroscience.

[72]  W. Betz,et al.  Activity-dependent fluorescent staining and destaining of living vertebrate motor nerve terminals , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[73]  C. Guatimosim,et al.  Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles at the Frog Neuromuscular Junction in the Presence of Strontium , 1998, Journal of neurochemistry.

[74]  W. Betz,et al.  Okadaic acid disrupts clusters of synaptic vesicles in frog motor nerve terminals , 1994, The Journal of cell biology.