Bipolar Survey Items: An Information Processing Perspective

Survey items range from the explicitly factual to the highly subjective. Factual questions ask respondents for information such as their name, address, age, marital status, salary, or occupation. For most people most of the time, the answer to these questions is well rehearsed and easily accessed from memory. The same cannot be said, however, for questions of a more subjective nature. People often do not have a ready answer to questions about product preferences, about their perceptions of political candidates, or about proposed civic improvements.

[1]  A. Parducci.  Category judgment: a range-frequency model. , 1965, Psychological review.

[2]  Marvin R. Goldfried,et al.  On the Bipolarity of Semantic Space , 1965 .

[3]  M. Stone.  Models for choice-reaction time , 1960 .

[4]  Lance A. Miller,et al.  Review of The process of question answering: a computer simulation of cognition by Wendy G. Lehnert. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1978. , 1980 .

[5]  L. L. Thurstone,et al.  The measurement of social attitudes. , 1931 .

[6]  Anthony G. Greenwald,et al.  Psychological foundations of attitudes , 1968 .

[7]  G. Kelly.  A theory of personality : the psychology of personal constructs , 1963 .

[8]  P. Devine,et al.  Cognitive mediation of inconsistency discounting , 1985 .

[9]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  Structures and Procedures of Implicit Knowledge , 1985 .

[10]  Michael Colclough.  The Process of Question Answering — A Computer Simulation of Cognition , 1979 .

[11]  Douglas L. Medin,et al.  Of cabbages and kings: Assessing the extendibility of natural object concept models to social things. , 1984 .

[12]  A. Tversky,et al.  Similarity, Separability, and the Triangle Inequality , 1982 .

[13]  H. Helson.  Adaptation-level theory : an experimental and systematic approach to behavior , 1964 .

[14]  A. Tversky.  Features of Similarity , 1977 .

[15]  L. L. Thurstone,et al.  The Measurement of Attitudes. , 1950 .

[16]  Gün R. Semin,et al.  Activation of bipolar prototypes in attribute inferences , 1981 .

[17]  M. McCloskey,et al.  Decision processes in verifying category membership statements: Implications for models of semantic memory , 1979, Cognitive Psychology.

[18]  N. Anderson.  Foundations of information integration theory , 1981 .

[19]  Joseph L. Zinnes,et al.  Theory and Methods of Scaling. , 1958 .

[20]  John H. Lingle,et al.  Retrieval selectivity in memory-based impression judgments. , 1979 .

[21]  L. L. Thurstone,et al.  The Measurement Of Attitude , 1929 .

[22]  T. Ostrom,et al.  9 – Psychological Perspective and Attitude Change1 , 1968 .

[23]  C. Osgood,et al.  The Measurement of Meaning , 1958 .