Image coding using vector quantization: a review

A review of vector quantization techniques used for encoding digital images is presented. First, the concept of vector quantization is introduced, then its application to digital images is explained. Spatial, predictive, transform, hybrid, binary, and subband vector quantizers are reviewed. The emphasis is on the usefulness of the vector quantization when it is combined with conventional image coding techniques, or when it is used in different domains. >

[1]  N. Metropolis,et al.  Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines , 1953, Resonance.

[2]  G. Westheimer,et al.  Light distribution in the image formed by the living human eye. , 1962, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[3]  H. Andrews,et al.  Hadamard transform image coding , 1969 .

[4]  P. Wintz,et al.  Image Coding by Adaptive Block Quantization , 1971 .

[5]  J. O. Limb,et al.  A simple interframe coder for video telephony , 1971 .

[6]  G. Anderson,et al.  Piecewise Fourier Transformation for Picture Bandwidth Compression , 1971 .

[7]  James C. Candy,et al.  Interframe coding of videotelephone pictures , 1972 .

[8]  P. Wintz.  Transform picture coding , 1972 .

[9]  Wen-Hsiung Chen,et al.  Slant Transform Image Coding , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[10]  A. Habibi.  Hybrid Coding of Pictorial Data , 1974, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[11]  Thomas S. Huang.  Coding Of Two-Tone Images , 1975, Optics & Photonics.

[12]  A. Habibi,et al.  Bandwidth Compression Of Multispectral Data , 1975, Optics & Photonics.

[13]  James L. Flanagan,et al.  Digital coding of speech in sub-bands , 1976, Bell Syst. Tech. J..

[14]  Ciro Cafforio,et al.  Methods for measuring small displacements of television images , 1976, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[15]  C. Smith,et al.  Adaptive Coding of Monochrome and Color Images , 1977, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[16]  D. Chen,et al.  On two or more dimensional optimum quantizers , 1977 .

[17]  Hiroshi Yasuda,et al.  Transmitting 4-MHz TV Signals by Combinational Difference Coding , 1977, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[18]  B. Haskell,et al.  Interframe Coding of 525-Line, Monochrome Television at 1.5 Mbits/s , 1977, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[19]  J. Roese,et al.  Interframe Cosine Transform Image Coding , 1977, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[20]  A. Habibi.  Survey of Adaptive Image Coding Techniques , 1977, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[21]  E. E. Hilbert.  Cluster compression algorithm: A joint clustering/data compression concept , 1977 .

[22]  Allen Gersho,et al.  Asymptotically optimal block quantization , 1979, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[23]  William Kenneth Pratt,et al.  Image transmission techniques , 1979 .

[24]  J. D. Robbins,et al.  Motion-compensated television coding: Part I , 1979, The Bell System Technical Journal.

[25]  James D. Johnston,et al.  A filter family designed for use in quadrature mirror filter banks , 1980, ICASSP.

[26]  A.N. Netravali,et al.  Ordering techniques for facsimile coding: A review , 1980, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[27]  R. Gray,et al.  Distortion measures for speech processing , 1980 .

[28]  A.N. Netravali,et al.  Picture coding: A review , 1980, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[29]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  An Algorithm for Vector Quantizer Design , 1980, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[30]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  Speech coding based upon vector quantization , 1980, ICASSP.

[31]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Displacement Measurement and Its Application in Interframe Image Coding , 1981, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[32]  B. Prasada,et al.  Image Sequence Coding , 1981 .

[33]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Image data compression: A review , 1981, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[34]  Bhaskar Ramamurthi,et al.  Image coding using vector quantization , 1982, ICASSP.

[35]  T. Murakami,et al.  Vector quantiser of video signals , 1982 .

[36]  R. Gray,et al.  Vector quantization of speech and speech-like waveforms , 1982 .

[37]  Allen Gersho,et al.  On the structure of vector quantizers , 1982, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[38]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  Vector Quantizers and Predictive Quantizers for Gauss-Markov Sources , 1982, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[39]  S. P. Lloyd,et al.  Least squares quantization in PCM , 1982, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[40]  Hüseyin Abut,et al.  Full search and tree searched vector quantization of speech waveforms , 1982, ICASSP.

[41]  K. Ngan.  Adaptive transform coding of video signals , 1982 .

[42]  Biing-Hwang Juang,et al.  Multiple stage vector quantization for speech coding , 1982, ICASSP.

[43]  V. Cuperman,et al.  Vector quantization: A pattern-matching technique for speech coding , 1983, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[44]  Nasser M. Nasrabadi,et al.  Image coding using vector quantization in the transform domain , 1983, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[45]  C. D. Gelatt,et al.  Optimization by Simulated Annealing , 1983, Science.

[46]  David G. Messerschmitt,et al.  Predictive vector quantization , 1984, ICASSP.

[47]  Yair Shoham,et al.  Hierarchical vector quantization of speech with dynamic codebook allocation , 1984, ICASSP.

[48]  Morris Goldberg,et al.  Color image compression by adaptive vector quantization , 1984, ICASSP.

[49]  Paul. Boucher.  Adaptive vector quantization of pictorial data. , 1984 .

[50]  Hüseyin Abut,et al.  A matrix quantizer for image processing , 1984, ICASSP.

[51]  Hüseyin Abut,et al.  Vector quantizers for subband coded waveforms , 1984, ICASSP.

[52]  R. Gray,et al.  Vector quantization , 1984, IEEE ASSP Magazine.

[53]  R. Gray,et al.  Product code vector quantizers for waveform and voice coding , 1984 .

[54]  Tor A. Ramstad,et al.  Fully vector-quantized subband coding with adaptive codebook allocation , 1984, ICASSP.

[55]  Hanan Samet,et al.  The Quadtree and Related Hierarchical Data Structures , 1984, CSUR.

[56]  N. M. Nasrabadi,et al.  Orthogonal transforms and their application to image coding , 1984 .

[57]  Hirohisa Yamaguchi.  Efficient Encoding of Colored Pictures in R, G, B Components , 1984, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[58]  Bhaskar Ramamurthi,et al.  Image vector quantization with a perceptually-based cell classifier , 1984, ICASSP.

[59]  Nasser M. Nasrabadi,et al.  A new image coding technique using transforms vector quantization , 1984, ICASSP.

[60]  M. Kunt,et al.  Second-generation image-coding techniques , 1985, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[61]  Hsueh-Ming Hang,et al.  Predictive Vector Quantization of Images , 1985, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[62]  N. Nasrabadi.  Use of vector quantizers in image coding , 1985, ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[63]  Ali Habibi.  A Review Of Image Bandwidth Compressed Techniques , 1985, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[64]  Allen Gersho,et al.  Adaptive vector quantization by progressive codevector replacement , 1985, ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[65]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  An Algorithm for the Design of Labeled-Transition Finite-State Vector Quantizers , 1985, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[66]  Scott E. Budge,et al.  Compression of color digital images using vector quantization in product codes , 1985, ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[67]  Robert M. Gray,et al.  Finite-state vector quantization for waveform coding , 1985, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[68]  J. Woods,et al.  Sub-band coding of images , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[69]  T. Murakami,et al.  Vector quantization of color images , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[70]  Kiyoharu Aizawa,et al.  Adaptive discrete cosine transform image coding using gain/Shape vector quantizers , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[71]  Thomas R. Fischer,et al.  A pyramid vector quantizer , 1986, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[72]  Bhaskar Ramamurthi,et al.  Classified Vector Quantization of Images , 1986, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[73]  Huifang Sun,et al.  Image Sequence Coding Using Vector Quantization , 1986, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[74]  Morris Goldberg,et al.  Image Compression Using Adaptive Vector Quantization , 1986, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[75]  Allen Gersho,et al.  Low-rate image coding with finite-state vector quantization , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[76]  Subhash C. Kwatra,et al.  Image Data Compression with Vector Quantization in the Transform Domain , 1986, ICC.

[77]  C. Remus,et al.  An Adaptive Block-Quantizer Approach To Transform Coding Of Pictures , 1986, Other Conferences.

[78]  C. Labit,et al.  Vector quantization in transformed image coding , 1986, ICASSP '86. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[79]  Bernard Hammer,et al.  Image Coding by Vector Quantization of M-Hadamard Transform Coefficients , 1986, Other Conferences.

[80]  John W. Woods,et al.  Subband coding of images , 1986, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[81]  M. J. Bage.  Interframe Predictive Coding of Images Using Hybrid Vector Quantization , 1986, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[82]  Huey-Chen Tseng,et al.  Transform and Hybrid Transform/DPCM Coding of Images Using Pyramid Vector Quantization , 1987, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[83]  Jan Biemond,et al.  Sub-band coding of images using predictive vector quantization , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[84]  Chia-Lung Yeh.  Color image-sequence compression using adaptive binary-tree vector quantization with codebook replenishment , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[85]  Allen Gersho,et al.  Variable block-size image coding , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[86]  J. Barrilleaux,et al.  Efficient vector quantization for color image encoding , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[87]  Vishwas Udpikar,et al.  BTC Image Coding Using Vector Quantization , 1987, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[88]  R. L. Baker,et al.  A finite-state vector quantizer for low-rate image sequence coding , 1987, ICASSP '87. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[89]  Allen Gersho,et al.  Image Compression Based On Vector Quantization With Finite Memory , 1987 .

[90]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  The 'neural' phonetic typewriter , 1988, Computer.

[91]  Huifang Sun,et al.  Frame-adaptive vector quantization for image sequence coding , 1988, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[92]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  Self-Organization and Associative Memory, Third Edition , 1989, Springer Series in Information Sciences.

[93]  A. Makur.  Low rate image coding using vector quantization , 1990 .