Phase I/II trial of dexverapamil, epirubicin, and granulocyte‐macrophage–colony stimulating factor in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Background. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a cytotoxic regimen consisting of the second‐generation chemosensitizer dexverapamil (DVPM), high dose epirubicin, and recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) in pancreatic carcinoma.

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