Combining bio- and chemo-catalysis: from enzymes to cells, from petroleum to biomass.

In the future, biomass will continue to emerge as a viable source of chemicals. The development of new industries that utilize bio-renewables provides opportunities for innovation. For example, bio- and chemo-catalysts can be combined in 'one pot' to prepare chemicals of commercial value. This has been demonstrated using isolated enzymes and whole cells for a variety of chemical transformations. The one-pot approach has been successfully adopted to convert chemicals derived from biomass, and, in our opinion, it has an important role to play in the design of a more sustainable chemical industry. To implement new one-pot bio- and chemo-catalytic processes, issues of incompatibility must be overcome; the strategies for which are discussed in this opinion article.

[1]  A. C. Marr,et al.  Adding value to renewables: a one pot process combining microbial cells and hydrogen transfer catalysis to utilise waste glycerol from biodiesel production. , 2009, Chemical communications.

[2]  M. Fraaije,et al.  [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ as a coenzyme substitute in enzymatic oxidations catalyzed by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[3]  Muhammad Moniruzzaman,et al.  Recent advances of enzymatic reactions in ionic liquids , 2010 .

[4]  K. R. Seddon,et al.  Exploring fungal activity in the presence of ionic liquids , 2009 .

[5]  Roger A. Sheldon,et al.  Biocatalysis in Ionic Liquids , 2007 .

[6]  E. W. Meijer,et al.  Iterative tandem catalysis of secondary diols and diesters to chiral polyesters. , 2007, Chemistry.

[7]  Yangsoo Ahn,et al.  Racemization catalysts for the dynamic kinetic resolution of alcohols and amines , 2008 .

[8]  Gabriele Centi,et al.  Catalysis for renewables : from feedstock to energy production , 2008 .

[9]  H. Gunaratne,et al.  A high throughput screen to test the biocompatibility of water-miscible ionic liquids , 2009 .

[10]  C. Hardacre,et al.  A Comparative Study of the Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Catechols using an Enzymatic and a Chemoenzymatic Method , 2007 .

[11]  N. Turner.  Deracemisation methods. , 2010, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[12]  Frank Hollmann,et al.  Biocatalytic Redox Reactions for Organic Synthesis: Nonconventional Regeneration Methods , 2010 .

[13]  Harald Gröger,et al.  Modular chemoenzymatic one-pot syntheses in aqueous media: combination of a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with an asymmetric biotransformation. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[14]  J. Canivet,et al.  Water-Soluble Phenanthroline Complexes of Rhodium, Iridium and Ruthenium for the Regeneration of NADH in the Enzymatic Reduction of Ketones , 2007 .

[15]  T. Kieboom.  Integration of Biocatalysis with Chemocatalysis: Cascade Catalysis and Multi‐Step Conversions in Concert , 2007 .

[16]  D. Murzin,et al.  One-pot utilization of heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis: Synthesis of R-1-phenylethyl acetate from acetophenone , 2009 .

[17]  D. Macfarlane,et al.  Ionic liquids in biomass processing. , 2010, Topics in current chemistry.

[18]  B. Shanks.  Unleashing biocatalysis/chemical catalysis synergies for efficient biomass conversion. , 2007, ACS chemical biology.

[19]  Avelino Corma,et al.  Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals , 2007 .

[20]  P. Gallezot,et al.  Process options for converting renewable feedstocks to bioproducts , 2007 .

[21]  P. Gallezot.  Alternative Value Chains for Biomass Conversion to Chemicals , 2010 .

[22]  J. Bäckvall,et al.  Combination of enzymes and metal catalysts. A powerful approach in asymmetric catalysis. , 2003, Chemical reviews.

[23]  Alle Bruggink,et al.  Concepts of Nature in Organic Synthesis: Cascade Catalysis and Multistep Conversions in Concert , 2003 .

[24]  A. Schmid,et al.  Coupled chemoenzymatic transfer hydrogenation catalysis for enantioselective reduction and oxidation reactions , 2005 .

[25]  D. Avnir,et al.  One-pot sequences of reactions with sol-gel entrapped opposing reagents: an enzyme and metal-complex catalysts. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[26]  A. Schmitzer,et al.  Highly recyclable chemo-/biocatalyzed cascade reactions with ionic liquids: one-pot synthesis of chiral biaryl alcohols. , 2010, Chemistry.

[27]  N. Gathergood,et al.  Biodegradation Studies of Ionic Liquids , 2010 .

[28]  I. S. Nashawi,et al.  Forecasting World Crude Oil Production Using Multicyclic Hubbert Model , 2010 .

[29]  T. Yamane,et al.  Improvement of H2O2 stability of manganese peroxidase by combinatorial mutagenesis and high-throughput screening using in vitro expression with protein disulfide isomerase. , 2003, Protein engineering.

[30]  A. C. Marr,et al.  Base-Free Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols Using “Piano-Stool” Complexes of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes , 2007 .

[31]  R. Sheldon,et al.  A One‐Pot Enantioselective Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Amino Acids in Water , 2006 .

[32]  A. Rowan,et al.  Synergy between chemo- and bio-catalysts in multi-step transformations. , 2009, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[33]  Nicholas J Turner,et al.  Directed evolution drives the next generation of biocatalysts. , 2009, Nature chemical biology.