The relationship between the nitrate concentration and hydrology of a small chalk spring; Israel

Discharge from a spring draining a small, perched, Cretaceous chalk aquifer in the Upper Galilee, Israel, was monitored over a period of two years. The water has elevated nitrate concentrations, with 15N/14N and chemical data suggesting that it is a mixture of low-nitrate and high-nitrate end-members; the latter derived from the sewage of a centuries-old village served by septic tanks. Hydrograph data allowed distinction between fissure flow during the period of winter rainfall, and matrix drainage during the dry summer months. These different flow types, however, did not have markedly different nitrate concentrations: a 50-fold increase in spring discharge due to fissure flow, compared with matrix drainage, was reflected in only a 35% decrease in nitrate concentrations. The relatively high nitrate concentrations in the fissure waters suggests that they have had close contact with, and are possibly displaced from the matrix. This should help to accelerate the decline in the spring's nitrate concentrations following the recent completion of the village's central sewage drainage system.