Efecto de las señales visuales y la calidad del néctar en la toma de decisiones económicas en Apis mellifera

En la naturaleza los organismos se encuentran inmersos en situaciones donde multiples factores actuan simultaneamente. La percepcion de la complejidad ambiental impone tareas que requieren de habilidades en el manejo de la informacion para alcanzar respuestas de desempeno ecologico que maximicen la aptitud biologica. El color es una percepcion causada por propiedades fisicas y quimicas de las flores en el espacio visual de las abejas y afecta su capacidad de discriminacion perceptual. La disponibilidad y la calidad del nectar afectan la escogencia floral de los polinizadores. Este estudio evaluo simultaneamente el efecto de la distancia perceptual de color y la diferencia en la concentracion del nectar en la escogencia floral de A. mellifera L. var. africanizada. Se utilizaron parches de flores artificiales en los que se controlo la distancia entre flores, la forma floral, la densidad de cada tipo floral y el volumen de solucion azucarada ofrecido. La aproximacion experimental uso condicionamiento diferencial y visualizacion sucesiva de color en vuelo libre. Las abejas se vieron expuestas a parches florales con distinto grado de similitud perceptual de color. Se registraron las elecciones florales de las abejas durante su actividad de forrajeo en tres situaciones tratamiento donde se cambio la concentracion de azucares en la solucion asociada al color floral. Las abejas presentaron respuestas conductuales mediadas por procesos de aprendizaje que afectaron su capacidad de optimizacion de recurso. La exactitud y velocidad de la escogencia correcta se vio afectada por la capacidad de las abejas de discriminar el color y la concentracion del nectar asociado a los tipos florales. Las abejas generaron expectativa al color y esta fue dependiente de la distancia perceptual del color y la diferencia de concentracion del nectar asociado a cada tipo floral. Este fenomeno tuvo costos en la adaptacion de la conducta de escogencia floral correcta cuando cambio la oferta de nectar.

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