Measurements and characterization of multiple-coupled interconnection lines in hybrid and monolithic integrated circuits

(5)eI(t-TN)The delays are obtained from the measurements as the time differences between the exciting step and thevarious transitions in the far end port waveforms. All N eigenvalues are obtained by using these waveformsor the reflected signal with open ended transmission lines to enhance the sensitivity. Frequency domainresonance measurements can also be used for accurate evaluation of the eigenvalues. The temporally spreadmodal output is then given by,