The influence of gaze history visualization on map interaction sequences and cognitive maps

The restricted spatial context of mobile devices with small displays often makes orientation on mobile maps very difficult. In this paper we highlight and discuss the advantages of a proposed interaction concept called GeoGazemarks that can be used to facilitate orientation by utilizing the history of a user's visual attention as a visual clue. We present novel results of the analyses of interaction sequences and cognitive sketches collected during a user study with 40 participants. In addition, we correlate the increase in efficiency gained by GeoGazemarks with participants' self-reported spatial abilities, revealing significant negative correlations between spatial abilities, time efficiency gain and interaction sequences length.

[1]  Arzu Çöltekin,et al.  Evaluating the Effectiveness of Interactive Map Interface Designs: A Case Study Integrating Usability Metrics with Eye-Movement Analysis , 2009 .

[2]  J. Jonides,et al.  Evidence of hierarchies in cognitive maps , 1985, Memory & cognition.

[3]  Anthony E. Richardson,et al.  Development of a self-report measure of environmental spatial ability. , 2002 .

[4]  Tumasch Reichenbacher.  Adaptive egocentric maps for mobile users , 2005 .

[5]  Martin Raubal,et al.  A Formal Model for Mobile Map Adaptation , 2009 .

[6]  Julie Dillemuth.  Map Design Evaluation for Mobile Display , 2005 .

[7]  Rick L. Bunch,et al.  The Cognitive Load of Geographic Information , 2006 .

[8]  Stephan Winter,et al.  A wayfinding aid to increase navigator independence , 2011, J. Spatial Inf. Sci..

[9]  E. Lindberg,et al.  Cognitive Mapping of Large-Scale Environments , 1984 .

[10]  Johannes Schöning,et al.  Map navigation with mobile devices: virtual versus physical movement with and without visual context , 2007, ICMI '07.

[11]  Martin Raubal,et al.  Using eye movements to recognize activities on cartographic maps , 2013, SIGSPATIAL/GIS.

[12]  Arzu Çöltekin,et al.  Exploring the efficiency of users' visual analytics strategies based on sequence analysis of eye movement recordings , 2010, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[13]  Raimund Dachselt,et al.  Investigating gaze-supported multimodal pan and zoom , 2012, ETRA '12.

[14]  Albrecht Schmidt,et al.  Implicit human computer interaction through context , 2000, Personal Technologies.

[15]  R. Golledge.  Wayfinding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes , 2010 .

[16]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Modeling Directional Knowledge and Reasoning in Environmental Space: Testing Qualitative Metrics , 1996 .

[17]  Falko Schmid.  Knowledge-based wayfinding maps for small display cartography , 2008, J. Locat. Based Serv..

[18]  Albrecht Schmidt,et al.  Gazemarks: gaze-based visual placeholders to ease attention switching , 2010, CHI.

[19]  Terry A. Slocum,et al.  Thematic cartography and geovisualization, 3rd Edition , 2008 .

[20]  Terry A. Slocum.  Thematic Cartography and Visualization , 1998 .

[21]  Stephan Winter,et al.  Situated local and global orientation in mobile you-are-here maps , 2010, Mobile HCI.

[22]  R. Kitchin,et al.  Cognitive maps: What are they and why study them? , 1994 .

[23]  Martin Raubal,et al.  Where Am I? Investigating Map Matching During Self‐Localization With Mobile Eye Tracking in an Urban Environment , 2014, Trans. GIS.

[24]  P. Heidorn,et al.  Chapter 7 The Structure of Cognitive Maps: Representations and Processes , 1993 .

[25]  B. Kuipers.  The "Map in the Head" Metaphor , 1982 .

[26]  K. Rayner.  Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[27]  Martin Raubal,et al.  GeoGazemarks: providing gaze history for the orientation on small display maps , 2012, ICMI '12.

[28]  Reginald G. Golledge,et al.  HUMAN WAYFINDING AND COGNITIVE MAPS , 2003 .

[29]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  Spatial Information Theory A Theoretical Basis for GIS , 1995, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[30]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Cognitive Maps, Cognitive Collages, and Spatial Mental Models , 1993, COSIT.

[31]  Joseph H. Goldberg,et al.  Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols , 2000, ETRA.

[32]  Georg Gartner,et al.  Towards Ubiquitous Cartography , 2007 .

[33]  Martin Raubal,et al.  Mobile Outdoor Gaze-Based GeoHCI , 2013 .

[34]  Editorial Preface to Tobler's “Bidimensional Regression” , 2010 .

[35]  Peter Kiefer,et al.  Gaze map matching: mapping eye tracking data to geographic vector features , 2012, SIGSPATIAL/GIS.