Microwave Imaging by Deep Learning Network: Feasibility and Training Method

Microwave image reconstruction based on a deep learning method is investigated in this article. The neural network is capable of converting measured microwave signals acquired from a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$24 \times 24$ </tex-math></inline-formula> antenna array at 4 GHz into a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$128 \times 128$ </tex-math></inline-formula> image. To reduce the training difficulty, we first developed an autoencoder by which high-resolution images (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$128 \times 128$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) were represented with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$256 \times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> vectors; then we developed the second neural network which aimed to map microwave signals to the compressed features (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$256 \times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> vector). Two neural networks can be combined to a full network to make reconstructions, when both are successfully developed. The present two-stage training method reduces the difficulty in training deep learning networks (DLNs) for inverse reconstruction. The developed neural network is validated by simulation examples and experimental data with objects in different shapes/sizes, placed in different locations, and with dielectric constant ranging from 2 to 6. Comparisons between the imaging results achieved by the present method and two conventional approaches: distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) and phase confocal method (PCM) are also provided.

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