Novel Method to Measure Inference Affordance in Static Small-Multiple Map Displays Representing Dynamic Processes

Abstract Supported by eye-movement data collected during a controlled experiment on small-multiple map displays, a new concept coined inference affordance aimed at overcoming drawbacks of traditional empirical 'success' measures when evaluating static visual analytics displays and interactive visual analytics tools is proposed. Then, a novel visual analytics research methodology is outlined to quantify inference affordance, taking advantage of the well-known sequence alignment analyses techniques borrowed from bioinformatics. The presented visual analytics approach focuses on information reduction of large amounts of fine-grained eye-movement sequence data, including sequence categorisation and summarisation.

[1]  Mary Hegarty,et al.  Top-down and bottom-up influences on learning from animations , 2007, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[2]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  TO SEE OR NOT TO SEE: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes , 1997 .

[3]  Lars Brodersen,et al.  Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design , 2001 .

[4]  Jason Dykes,et al.  Representation and its Relationship with Cartographic Visualization , 2001 .

[5]  M. J. Kraak,et al.  Spatio - temporal maps and cartographic communication , 1992 .

[6]  Mark Harrower,et al.  Tips for Designing Effective Animated Maps , 2003 .

[7]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Animation: can it facilitate? , 2002, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[8]  Andrew Abbott,et al.  A Primer on Sequence Methods , 1990 .

[9]  Edward R. Tufte,et al.  The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , 1986 .

[10]  B. Tatler,et al.  The Moving Tablet Of The Eye , 2005 .

[11]  G. Underwood Eye guidance in reading and scene perception , 1998 .

[12]  P. Fayers,et al.  The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , 1990 .

[13]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Animation: Does It Facilitate Learning? , 2000 .

[14]  Alan M. MacEachren,et al.  A Comparison of Animated Maps with Static Small-Multiple Maps for Visually Identifying Space-Time Clusters , 2006 .

[15]  Richard K. Lowe Extracting information from an animation during complex visual learning , 1999 .

[16]  B. Tversky,et al.  Effect of computer animation on users' performance : A review , 2000 .

[17]  J. Henderson Regarding Scenes , 2007 .

[18]  Lawrence W. Stark,et al.  Visual perception and sequences of eye movement fixations: a stochastic modeling approach , 1992, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern..

[19]  K. Rayner Eye movements and visual cognition : scene perception and reading , 1992 .

[20]  Gennady L. Andrienko,et al.  Designing Visual Analytics Methods for Massive Collections of Movement Data , 2007, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[21]  Pip Forer,et al.  Movement beyond the snapshot - Dynamic analysis of geospatial lifelines , 2007, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[22]  J. Sweller COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY, LEARNING DIFFICULTY, AND INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN , 1994 .

[23]  N. Saitou,et al.  The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. , 1987, Molecular biology and evolution.

[24]  Ta Theo Arentze,et al.  Activity pattern similarity : a multidimensional sequence alignment method , 2002 .

[25]  Andrew T. Duchowski,et al.  Eye Tracking Methodology - Theory and Practice, Third Edition , 2003 .

[26]  J. Garel,et al.  Première traduction en français de B. Harley [Bertin J. (1967). Sémiologie graphique. La Haye : Mouton-Gauthier-Villars. - Jacob C. (1992). L'Empire des cartes. Paris : Albin Michel] , 1997 .

[27]  Mireille Bétrancourt,et al.  Les animations sont-elles vraiment plus efficaces ? , 2000 .

[28]  Kristin A. Cook,et al.  Illuminating the Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics , 2005 .

[29]  Sara Irina Fabrikant,et al.  THEMATIC RELEVANCE AND PERCEPTUAL SALIENCE OF DYNAMIC GEOVISUALIZATION DISPLAYS , 2005 .

[30]  Clarke Wilson,et al.  ClustalG: Software for analysis of activities and sequential events , 1999 .

[31]  K. Rayner Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[32]  K. Jellinger The Moving Tablet of the Eye: The Origins of Modern Eye Movement Research , 2006 .

[33]  Ross Purves,et al.  An approach to evaluating motion pattern detection techniques in spatio-temporal data , 2006, Comput. Environ. Urban Syst..

[34]  Daniel R. Montello,et al.  Cognitive Map-Design Research in the Twentieth Century: Theoretical and Empirical Approaches , 2002 .

[35]  A. Abbott Sequence analysis: new methods for old ideas , 1995 .

[36]  Andrew Hollingworth,et al.  Eye Movements During Scene Viewing: An Overview , 1998 .

[37]  J. Krygier,et al.  Design, implementation and evaluation of multimedia resources for geography and earth science education , 1997 .

[38]  Alan M. MacEachren,et al.  Exploring high-D spaces with multiform matrices and small multiples , 2003, IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2003 (IEEE Cat. No.03TH8714).

[39]  Anne R. Haake,et al.  eyePatterns: software for identifying patterns and similarities across fixation sequences , 2006, ETRA.

[40]  K. Rayner Eye Movements and Visual Cognition , 1992 .

[41]  M. Hegarty,et al.  Individual differences in mental animation during mechanical reasoning , 1994, Memory & cognition.

[42]  Terry A. Slocum,et al.  A Qualitative Evaluation of MapTime, A Program For Exploring Spatiotemporal Point Data , 2004, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[43]  Joseph B. Kruskal,et al.  Time Warps, String Edits, and Macromolecules , 1999 .

[44]  M. Hegarty Mental animation: inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[45]  Yvonne Rogers,et al.  External cognition: how do graphical representations work? , 1996, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[46]  Sara Irina Fabrikant,et al.  The Role of Map Animation for Geographic Visualization , 2008 .

[47]  Noam Shoval,et al.  Sequence Alignment as a Method for Human Activity Analysis in Space and Time , 2007 .

[48]  A. MacEachren,et al.  Research Challenges in Geovisualization , 2001, KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information.

[49]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words , 1987, Cogn. Sci..

[50]  Theodore Steinke Eye Movement Studies In Cartography And Related Fields , 1987 .

[51]  D. E. Irwin Fixation location and fixation duration as indices of cognitive processing , 2004 .

[52]  Stefan Wrobel,et al.  Visual analytics tools for analysis of movement data , 2007, SKDD.

[53]  Mark Harrower,et al.  The Cognitive Limits of Animated Maps , 2007, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[54]  Sara Irina Fabrikant,et al.  Towards an Understanding of Geovisualization with Dynamic Displays: Issues and Prospects , 2005, AAAI Spring Symposium: Reasoning with Mental and External Diagrams: Computational Modeling and Spatial Assistance.

[55]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words , 1987 .

[56]  David Sankoff,et al.  Time Warps, String Edits, and Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of Sequence Comparison , 1983 .

[57]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  The (in)effectiveness of animation in instruction , 2001, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[58]  Jacques Bertin,et al.  Semiologie graphique : les diagrammes les réseaux, les cartes , 1969 .

[59]  Clarke Wilson,et al.  Reliability of Sequence-Alignment Analysis of Social Processes: Monte Carlo Tests of Clustalg Software , 2006 .