Mixed Marriages in Germany: A High Risk of Divorce for Immigrant-Native Couples

This study investigates the effect of native/immigrant intermarriage on divorce. We used a rich longitudinal dataset from the German Socio-Economic Panel and applied event-history techniques to examine the risk of divorce among immigrants in Germany. Our analysis of the divorce rates of 5,648 marriages shows that immigrant couples have a lower risk of divorce than do natives. However, marriages between German-born individuals and immigrants have a higher likelihood of separation than marriages between two German-born individuals or between immigrants from the same country, supporting the exogamy hypothesis. This pattern largely persists when controlling for the socio-demographic and human-capital characteristics of the spouses. The divorce risk increases with the cultural distance between the partners and when the spouses demonstrate differences in their social backgrounds, also supporting the heterogamyhypothesis and the selectivity hypothesis. We found no support for the adaptation and convergence hypotheses. Divorce levels for mixed marriages are neither similar to the levels of one of the constituent origin groups, nor do they fall between the levels of the two groups; the divorce levels for native/immigrant marriages are higher than those for endogamous marriages.RésuméCette recherche examine l’effet d’un mariage mixte entre immigrant(e) et partenaire natif(ve) d’Allemagne sur le divorce. Les données longitudinales du panel socio-économique allemand ont été utilisées ainsi que des techniques d’analyse des biographies pour étudier les risques de divorce chez les immigrants en Allemagne. L’analyse des taux de divorce de 5.648 mariages montre que les couples d’immigrants ont un risque moins élevés de divorce que les couples dont les deux partenaires sont nés en Allemagne. Cependant, les mariages entre des hommes et des femmes nés en Allemagne et des immigrant(e)s ont une probabilité de rupture d’union plus élevée que celle observée chez les couples dont les partenaires sont tous deux originaires d’Allemagne ou les couples d’immigrants de même pays d’origine, confortant ainsi l’hypothèse d’exogamie. Ce schéma subsiste après contrôle des capitaux socio-économiques et culturels des époux. Le risque de divorce s’accroît avec l’augmentation de la distance culturelle entre les partenaires et lorsque les époux appartiennent à des milieux sociaux différents, appuyant ainsi les hypothèses d’hétérogamie et de sélection. Les résultats ne permettent pas de confirmer les hypothèses d’adaptation et de convergence. Les niveaux de divortialité des mariages mixtes diffèrent des niveaux observés chez les groupes d’origine de l’un ou l’autre des partenaires et ne se situent pas non plus entre les niveaux de chacun de ces groupes d’origine. Les niveaux de divortialité des mariages entre immigrant(e)s et partenaires originaires du pays sont plus élevés que ceux des mariages endogamiques.

[1]  J. Landis Marriages of Mixed and Non-Mixed Religious Faith , 1949 .

[2]  James A. Sweet,et al.  Differentials in Marital Instability: 1970 , 1972 .

[3]  Nadja Milewski First child of immigrant workers and their descendants in West Germany: Interrelation of events, disruption, or adaptation? , 2007 .

[4]  L. Rabinovich,et al.  Contrasting Trajectories of Labor-Market Integration Between Migrant Women in Western and Southern Europe , 2010 .

[5]  U. Rebhun Immigration, Gender, and Earnings in Israel , 2010 .

[6]  R. Inglehart Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies , 1997 .

[7]  S. Musterd Social and Ethnic Segregation in Europe: Levels, Causes, and Effects , 2005 .

[8]  Matthijs Kalmijn Trends in Black/White Intermarriage , 1993 .

[9]  G. Becker A Treatise on the Family , 1982 .

[10]  C. Schmitt Risikoneigung und Fertilität in Ost- und Westdeutschland , 2012 .

[11]  G. Andersson,et al.  The impact of children on divorce risks in first and later marriages , 2001 .

[12]  M. Kalmijn,et al.  Intermarriage and homogamy: causes, patterns, trends. , 1998, Annual review of sociology.

[13]  G. Raab,et al.  Are Mixed-Ethnic Unions More Likely to Dissolve Than Co-Ethnic Unions? New Evidence from Britain , 2012, European Journal of Population-revue Europeenne De Demographie.

[14]  C. Lundh,et al.  Intermarriage, Value Context and Union Dissolution: Sweden 1990–2005 , 2012 .

[15]  S. Arbaci (Re)Viewing Ethnic Residential Segregation in Southern European Cities: Housing and Urban Regimes as Mechanisms of Marginalisation , 2008 .

[16]  C. Lundh,et al.  Cultural Dissimilarity and Intermarriage. A Longitudinal Study of Immigrants in Sweden 1990–2005 1 , 2011, The International migration review.

[17]  J. Trussell,et al.  Demographic Applications of Event History Analysis , 1993 .

[18]  R. Bauböck,et al.  Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism , 2003 .

[19]  G. Becker,et al.  An Economic Analysis of Marital Instability , 1977, Journal of Political Economy.

[20]  F. Scheller Bestimmung der Herkunftsnationen von Teilnehmern des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) mit Migrationshintergrund , 2011 .

[21]  R. Mare,et al.  Labor Market and Socioeconomic Effects on Marital Stability , 1995 .

[22]  Nadja Milewski Immigrant fertility in West Germany: Is there a socialization effect in transitions to second and third births? , 2010 .

[23]  From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America. , 1990 .

[24]  D. Reher Family Ties in Western Europe: Persistent Contrasts , 1998 .

[25]  J. Reitz From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America.By Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters. Russell Sage Foundation. 304 pp. $29.95 , 1990 .

[26]  Irena Kogan A study of immigrants’ employment careers in West Germany using the sequence analysis technique , 2007 .

[27]  Libertad González,et al.  The Effect of Divorce Laws on Divorce Rates in Europe , 2006, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[28]  Linda J. Waite,et al.  Premarital cohabitation and subsequent marital , 1995, Demography.

[29]  T. Sobotka Overview Chapter 7: The rising importance of migrants for childbearing in Europe , 2008 .

[30]  E. Lehrer,et al.  Religion as a determinant of marital stability , 1993, Demography.

[31]  Jennifer Van Hook,et al.  Marital Dissolution Among Interracial Couples. , 2009, Journal of marriage and the family.

[32]  Diw Berlin Soep SOEP 2011 - Methodenbericht zum Befragungsjahr 2011 (Welle 28) des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels , 2011 .

[33]  F. Jones Are marriages that cross ethnic boundaries more likely to end in divorce? , 1994, Journal of the Australian Population Association.

[34]  W. Clark,et al.  A comparative analysis of leaving home in the United States, the Netherlands and West Germany , 2007 .

[35]  B. Halpin,et al.  Union Dissolution in the United Kingdom , 2002 .

[36]  M. Gordon Assimilation In American Life , 1964 .

[37]  J. Stephenson,et al.  History of the Family , 1993 .

[38]  H. Kulu,et al.  Family change and migration in the life course , 2007 .

[39]  P. Boyle,et al.  Premarital cohabitation and divorce: Support for the "Trial Marriage" Theory? , 2010 .

[40]  F. Finnäs Social Integration, Heterogeneity, and Divorce: The Case of the Swedish-speaking Population in Finland , 1997 .

[41]  Hans-Peter Blossfeld,et al.  Techniques of event history modeling : new approaches to causal analysis , 2001 .

[42]  J. Lievens,et al.  Partner Selection and Divorce in Ethnic Minorities: Distinguishing between Two Types of Ethnic Homogamous Marriages 1 , 2011, The International migration review.

[43]  W. Seifert Admission policy, patterns of migration and integration: the German and French case compared. , 1997, New community.

[44]  T. P. Monahan Are Interracial Marriages Really Less Stable , 1970 .

[45]  Rankin Rp,et al.  Correlates of Marital Duration and Black-White Intermarriage in California , 1988 .

[46]  Mark J. Miller,et al.  The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World , 1993 .

[47]  J. Hoem Educational Gradients in Divorce Risks in Sweden in Recent Decades , 1997 .

[48]  M. Kalmijn,et al.  Ethnic intermarriage in the Netherlands: confirmations and refutations of accepted insights , 2006 .

[49]  R. Rindfuss,et al.  FERTILITY AND WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS , 2000 .

[50]  T. Tammaru,et al.  Ethnic Minority–Majority Unions in Estonia , 2011, European journal of population = Revue europeenne de demographie.

[51]  L. Burchinal,et al.  Survival Rates Among Religiously Homogamous and Interreligious Marriages , 1963 .

[52]  F. Jones Convergence and Divergence in Ethnic Divorce Patterns: A Research Note. , 1996 .

[53]  Carrie L. Yodanis Divorce Culture and Marital Gender Equality , 2005 .

[54]  Meei-Shenn Tzeng The effects of socioeconomic heterogamy and changes on marital dissolution for first marriages. , 1992 .

[55]  J. Smits,et al.  Ethnic intermarriage in times of social change: The case of latvia , 2005, Demography.

[56]  S. Lieberson,et al.  From Many Strands , 1988 .

[57]  Gert G. Wagner,et al.  The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) - Scope, Evolution and Enhancements , 2007, Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch.

[58]  Jan M. Hoem,et al.  The disruption of marital and non-marital unions in contemporary Sweden. , 1992 .

[59]  M. Howard Variation in Dual Citizenship Policies in the Countries of the EU , 2005 .

[60]  L. Lucassen,et al.  Immigration, intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period , 2009 .

[61]  M. Kalmijn,et al.  Intermarriage and the risk of divorce in the Netherlands: The effects of differences in religion and in nationality, 1974–94 , 2005, Population studies.

[62]  Sachverständigenrat Deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration Jahresgutachten ... mit Integrationsbarometer , 2010 .

[63]  Jan M. Hoem,et al.  Statistical analysis of a multiplicative model and its application to the standardization of vital rates , 1987 .

[64]  B. Chiswick,et al.  Are there gender and country of origin differences in immigrant labor market outcomes across European destinations? , 2004, SSRN Electronic Journal.