A probabilistic analysis of the effects of soft tissue artefacts on the estimate of muscle and joint forces

Musculoskeletal models (MSMs), embedding multibody optimisation algorithms, are used to predict joint kinematics and forces. Such predictions have proven to be more influenced by the soft tissue artefact (STA) than by other sources of uncertainties. However, the effects of STA on the estimates of muscle and joint forces are still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate these effects for three commonly used OpenSim (https://simtk.org) MSMs.