Meaning in life: nature, needs, and myths

The authors first discuss the nature of meaning with a focus on three broad functions of meaning and two levels of meaning. Next, the authors discuss the need for meaning with a focus on the four needs for meaning (Baumeister 1991). Finally, the authors discuss some myths related to meaning, particularly the expectation that everything in life does (or will) make sense and have a reason. Throughout the chapter, the authors discuss ideas where the existential perspective and positive psychology perspective differ and could be integrated. Meaning in life likely serves several different functions. First, meaning helps individuals detect patterns in their environment. Such patterns can exist in the physical or social environment. The second function is communication. The third function is related to self-control. Meaning enables one to refer to cultural standards and think about long-term goals and therefore facilitates self-control. Meaning can exist on multiple levels (Vallacher and Wegner 1985). A high level of meaning involves complex and abstract relationships that span out across a large time frame. A low level of meaning is concrete and is in the present moment. The implications of moving to and from different levels of meaning are also discussed. The authors break down the need for meaning in life into four basic needs: purpose, values, efficacy, and self-worth. If all four needs are satisfied it will engender a sense of meaning in life. If one or more of the four needs is unfulfilled, one will be motivated to adjust their life in such a way that all four needs are covered. These four needs can be seen as unique motivations that facilitate making sense of and finding meaning in life.