Sustainable Tourism: Research and Reality

Abstract Social and environmental impacts, responses and indicators are reviewed for the mainstream tourism sector worldwide, in five categories: population, peace, prosperity, pollution and protection. Of the ∼5000 relevant publications, very few attempt to evaluate the entire global tourism sector in terms which reflect global research in sustainable development. The industry is not yet close to sustainability. The main driver for improvement is regulation rather than market measures. Some tourism advocates still use political approaches to avoid environmental restrictions, and to gain access to public natural resources. Future research priorities include: the role of tourism in expansion of protected areas; improvement in environmental accounting techniques; and the effects of individual perceptions of responsibility in addressing climate change.

[1]  I. Logar.  Sustainable tourism management in Crikvenica, Croatia: An assessment of policy instruments , 2010 .

[2]  Gernot Wagner.  Going Green but Getting Nowhere , 2011 .

[3]  D. Getz.  Tourism and population change: Long‐term impacts of tourism in the Badenoch and Strathspey district of the Scottish highlands , 1986 .

[4]  T. Farrelly.  Indigenous and democratic decision-making: issues from community-based ecotourism in the Boumā National Heritage Park, Fiji , 2011 .

[5]  A. Perry.  Will Predicted Climate Change Compromise the Sustainability of Mediterranean Tourism? , 2006 .

[6]  Tazim Jamal,et al.  Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability , 2009 .

[7]  S. Wipf,et al.  Long‐term impacts of ski piste management on alpine vegetation and soils , 2011 .

[8]  José F. Molina-Azorín,et al.  Environmental Strategies and Their Impact on Hotel Performance , 2007 .

[9]  Tourism and Protected Areas: Benefits Beyond Boundaries , 2007 .

[10]  John McKenna,et al.  Blue Flag or Red Herring: do beach awards encourage the public to visit beaches? , 2011 .

[11]  S. F. Witt,et al.  Sustainable tourism development in Wales: From theory to practice , 1993 .

[12]  M. Gooch,et al.  Applying a transformative learning framework to volunteer tourism , 2011 .

[13]  T. Wei,et al.  How well do tree plantations comply with the twin targets of the Clean Development Mechanism? -- The case of tree plantations in Tanzania , 2011 .

[14]  George Wittemyer,et al.  Accelerated Human Population Growth at Protected Area Edges , 2008, Science.

[15]  Janet Dickinson,et al.  Climate change and the air travel decisions of UK tourists , 2010 .

[16]  D. Scott.  Why sustainable tourism must address climate change , 2011 .

[17]  Wouter Halfwerk,et al.  Negative impact of traffic noise on avian reproductive success , 2011 .

[18]  S. Wearing,et al.  Understanding local power and interactional processes in sustainable tourism: exploring village–tour operator relations on the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea , 2010 .

[19]  David Bruce Weaver,et al.  Normative and innovative sustainable resource management at birding festivals , 2010 .

[20]  R. Schroter,et al.  Heart rate of disturbed penguins , 1995, Nature.

[21]  D. Weaver.  Reflections on sustainable tourism and paradigm change , 2009 .

[22]  M. J. Liddle.  Recreation ecology: The ecological impact of outdoor recreation and ecotourism , 1997 .

[23]  Christoph Böhringer,et al.  Measuring the Immeasurable: A Survey of Sustainability Indices , 2007 .

[24]  L. Cummings,et al.  Waste Minimisation Supporting Urban Tourism Sustainability: A Mega-Resort Case Study , 1997 .

[25]  D. Weaver.  Can sustainable tourism survive climate change? , 2011 .

[26]  J. Absher,et al.  Fairness of prices, user fee policy and willingness to pay among visitors to a national forest. , 2011 .

[27]  C. Hall,et al.  Sustainable tourism : a geographical perspective , 1998 .

[28]  Isabelle D. Wolf,et al.  Visitor monitoring along roads and hiking trails: How to determine usage levels in tourist sites , 2012 .

[29]  L. R. Allen,et al.  The Impact Of Tourism Development On Residents' Perceptions Of Community Life , 1988 .

[30]  R. Butler,et al.  Towards sustainable tourism , 1990 .

[31]  R. Black,et al.  Quality assurance and certification in ecotourism , 2007 .

[32]  Wen Bai,et al.  Tourism and sustainable development: exploring the theoretical divide , 2014, ICES 2014.

[33]  H. Zeppel.  Indigenous Ecotourism: Sustainable Development and Management , 2006 .

[34]  J. Mbaiwa,et al.  Changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana , 2011 .

[35]  Hans Mommaas,et al.  Transitions to Sustainable Tourism Mobility: The Social Practices Approach , 2008 .

[36]  D. Matarrita-Cascante,et al.  Community agency and sustainable tourism development: the case of La Fortuna, Costa Rica , 2010 .

[37]  Bernardo Duha Buchsbaum,et al.  Ecotourism and Sustainable Development in Costa Rica , 2004 .

[38]  X. Font,et al.  Environmental management decision-making in certified hotels , 2011 .

[39]  V. Dinica.  Governance for sustainable tourism: a comparison of international and Dutch visions , 2009 .

[40]  Stefan Gössling,et al.  Sustainable Tourism Development in Developing Countries: Some Aspects of Energy Use , 2000 .

[41]  J. Crompton.  A Theoretical Framework for Formulating Non-Controversial Prices for Public Park and Recreation Services , 2011 .

[42]  F. Gezici.  Components of sustainability: Two Cases from Turkey , 2006 .

[43]  E. Cater.  Tourism in the least developed countries , 1987 .

[44]  J. Higham,et al.  Eyes wide shut? UK consumer perceptions on aviation climate impacts and travel decisions to New Zealand , 2011 .

[45]  J. C. Lam,et al.  Energy-saving Supporting Tourism Sustainability: A Case Study of Hotel Swimming Pool Heat Pump , 2003 .

[46]  Stuart Semple,et al.  Impacts of tourism on anxiety and physiological stress levels in wild male Barbary macaques , 2011 .

[47]  R. Dowling.  Tourism and sustainability: Principles to practice , 1998 .

[48]  Serenella Sala,et al.  Sustainable performance index for tourism policy development , 2010 .

[49]  S. Gössling.  Carbon neutral destinations: a conceptual analysis , 2009 .

[50]  S. Ayuso.  Comparing Voluntary Policy Instruments for Sustainable Tourism: The Experience of the Spanish Hotel Sector , 2007 .

[51]  George Sir Young,et al.  Tourism--blessing or blight? , 1973 .

[52]  A. Ladkin,et al.  Sustainable tourism: a regional perspective. , 1997 .

[53]  B. Mills,et al.  Climate Change and the Sustainability of Ski-based Tourism in Eastern North America: A Reassessment , 2006 .

[54]  A. Agrawal,et al.  Social and Ecological Synergy: Local Rulemaking, Forest Livelihoods, and Biodiversity Conservation , 2011, Science.

[55]  H. D. Cooper,et al.  Scenarios for Global Biodiversity in the 21st Century , 2010, Science.

[56]  Graham Miller,et al.  The development of indicators for sustainable tourism: results of a Delphi survey of tourism researchers , 2001 .

[57]  D. Blumstein,et al.  Take only pictures, leave only...fear? The effects of photography on the West Indian anole Anolis cristatellus , 2011 .

[58]  B. Bramwell,et al.  Interpretation and Sustainable Tourism: The Potential and the Pitfalls , 1993 .

[59]  Peter Nijkamp,et al.  Sustainable Tourism Development , 2019 .

[60]  Valene L. Smith,et al.  Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism , 1978 .

[61]  Roberto Rendeiro Martín-Cejas,et al.  Ecological footprint analysis of road transport related to tourism activity: The case for Lanzarote Island , 2010 .

[62]  S. Blangy,et al.  Ecotourism and minimum impact policy , 1993 .

[63]  T. Forsyth.  Environmental Responsibility and Business Regulation: The Case of Sustainable Tourism , 1997 .

[64]  J. Dickinson,et al.  Local Transport and Social Representations: Challenging the Assumptions for Sustainable Tourism , 2006 .

[65]  Jackie Clarke,et al.  A framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. , 1997 .

[66]  Jo-Hui Lin,et al.  Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of resource, community and tourism , 2006 .

[67]  Paul Peeters,et al.  ‘It Does Not Harm the Environment!’ An Analysis of Industry Discourses on Tourism, Air Travel and the Environment , 2007 .

[68]  Russell Staiff,et al.  Tourism and Protected Areas: Benefits Beyond Boundaries , 2004 .

[69]  Adriana Budeanu.  Sustainable Tourist Behaviour a Discussion of Opportunities for Change , 2007 .

[70]  R. Buckley.  Case studies in ecotourism , 2003 .

[71]  R. Tol,et al.  Effects of climate change on international tourism , 2005 .

[72]  Murray Patterson,et al.  Measuring National Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Tourism as a Key Step Towards Achieving Sustainable Tourism , 2006 .

[73]  J. S. Davis,et al.  Factions and Enclaves: Small Towns and Socially Unsustainable Tourism Development , 2004 .

[74]  Ralf Buckley,et al.  Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism , 2004 .

[75]  R. Buckley.  Climate Change: Tourism Destination Dynamics , 2008 .

[76]  R. Prabhakar,et al.  Decentralization for cost-effective conservation , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[77]  A. Acevedo-Gutiérrez,et al.  Effects of the Presence of Official‐Looking Volunteers on Harassment of New Zealand Fur Seals , 2011, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[78]  A. Manica,et al.  A Global Perspective on Trends in Nature-Based Tourism , 2009, PLoS biology.

[79]  Paul Peeters,et al.  Tourism and water use: supply, demand, and security. An international review. , 2012 .

[80]  Eric Neumayer,et al.  The Impact of Political Violence on Tourism , 2004 .

[81]  Colin Hunter,et al.  The ecological footprint as a key indicator of sustainable tourism. , 2007 .

[82]  P. Williams,et al.  Managing growth in mountain tourism communities. , 1994 .

[83]  S. Gössling.  Carbon management in tourism. , 2010 .

[84]  T. More,et al.  American and Canadian National Park Agency Responses to Declining Visitation , 2011 .

[85]  R. Buckley.  Parks and Tourism , 2009, PLoS biology.

[86]  Richard Butler,et al.  Sustainable tourism: A state‐of‐the‐art review , 1999 .

[87]  Svein Larsen,et al.  Effects of Sudden and Dramatic Events on Travel Desire and Risk Judgments , 2011 .

[88]  Haiyan Song,et al.  Willingness to pay entrance fees to natural attractions: An Icelandic case study , 2008 .

[89]  Kerry B. Godfrey.  Planning for sustainable tourism development in the Med , 1995 .

[90]  Katherine N. Tubb.  An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Interpretation within Dartmoor National Park in Reaching the Goals of Sustainable Tourism Development , 2003 .

[91]  S. Driml,et al.  Ecological Economics Criteria for Sustainable Tourism: Application to the Great Barrier Reef and Wet Tropics World Heritage Areas, Australia , 1996 .

[92]  George H. Stankey,et al.  Rethinking carrying capacity , 1997 .

[93]  R. Buckley,et al.  Environmental management performance in tourism accommodation , 1997 .

[94]  C. Pickering,et al.  A review of the impacts of nature based recreation on birds. , 2011, Journal of environmental management.

[95]  Bongkoo Lee,et al.  Operationalizing sustainability in regional tourism planning: an application of the limits of acceptable change framework , 2002 .

[96]  Elisabeth Kastenholz,et al.  'Management of Demand' as a Tool in Sustainable Tourist Destination Development , 2004 .

[97]  C. Aall.  Energy use and leisure consumption in Norway: an analysis and reduction strategy , 2011 .

[98]  J. Higham,et al.  Tourism and wildlife habituation: reduced population fitness or cessation of impact? , 2011 .

[99]  Susanne Becken,et al.  Distance Models for New Zealand International Tourists and the Role of Transport Prices , 2011 .

[100]  P. Sheldon,et al.  Corporate Social Responsibility in the U.S. Travel Industry , 2008 .

[101]  P. Boon,et al.  A Ten-Year Study of the Effectiveness of an Educative Programme in Ensuring the Ecological Sustainability of Recreational Activities in the Brisbane Ranges National Park, South-Eastern Australia , 2008 .

[102]  Hazel Tucker,et al.  Tourists and troglodytes: negotiating for sustainability. , 2001 .

[103]  M. Hall,et al.  Managing nature tourism in the Sub-Antarctic , 1994 .

[104]  Colin Hunter,et al.  Sustainable tourism as an adaptive paradigm , 1997 .

[105]  R. Buckley.  Pay to Play in Parks: An Australian Policy Perspective on Visitor Fees in Public Protected Areas , 2003 .

[106]  Stephen F. McCool,et al.  What Should Tourism Sustain? The Disconnect with Industry Perceptions of Useful Indicators , 2001 .

[107]  J. Delgado,et al.  Reducing visitors' group size increases the number of birds during educational activities: Implications for management of nature-based recreation. , 2011, Journal of environmental management.

[108]  J. Hawkins,et al.  Access to marine parks : A comparative study in willingness to pay , 2009 .

[109]  John Tribe,et al.  Sustainability Indicators for Small Tourism Enterprises – An Exploratory Perspective , 2008 .

[110]  R. Buckley.  Ecotourism: Principles and Practices , 2008 .

[111]  G. Beauchamp,et al.  Flock size and human disturbance affect vigilance of endangered red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) , 2011 .

[112]  H. Coccossis,et al.  Integrating Sustainability into the Strategic Planning of National Tourism Organizations , 2010 .

[113]  D. Scott,et al.  The state of climate change adaptation in Canada's protected areas sector , 2011 .

[114]  A. Stronza,et al.  Community views of ecotourism , 2008 .

[115]  Adrian Phillips,et al.  Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas Guidelines for Planning and Management , 2002 .

[116]  Stefan Gössling,et al.  Global environmental consequences of tourism , 2002 .

[117]  A. Spenceley.  Responsible Tourism: Critical Issues for Conservation and Development , 2012 .

[118]  W. Cronje.  Community Rights, Conservation and Contested Land: The Politics of Natural Resource Governance in Africa , 2011 .

[119]  Soyoung Boo,et al.  An assessment of convention tourism's potential contribution to environmentally sustainable growth , 2010 .

[120]  C. Tisdell,et al.  Sea turtles as a non-consumptive tourism resource especially in Australia , 2001 .

[121]  S. Reed,et al.  Effects of Management of Domestic Dogs and Recreation on Carnivores in Protected Areas in Northern California , 2011, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[122]  Perver Korça.  Resident Attitudes toward Tourism Impacts , 1996 .

[123]  E. Okazaki,et al.  A Community-Based Tourism Model: Its Conception and Use , 2008 .

[124]  Stephen F. McCool,et al.  Tourism, recreation and sustainability : linking culture and the environment , 2001 .

[125]  Cevat Tosun,et al.  Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the developing world: the case of Turkey , 2001 .

[126]  M. Inoue,et al.  Conservation Goals Betrayed by the Uses of Wildlife Benefits in Community-based Conservation: The Case of Kimana Sanctuary in Southern Kenya , 2011 .

[127]  R. Sharpley,et al.  Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? , 2009 .

[128]  Roy Ballantyne,et al.  Tourists' Support for Conservation Messages and Sustainable Management Practices in Wildlife Tourism Experiences , 2009 .

[129]  Geoffrey Wall,et al.  International Collaboration in the Search for Sustainable Tourism in Bali, Indonesia , 1993 .

[130]  R. Buckley,et al.  Interpretation Reduces Ecological Impacts of Visitors to World Heritage Site , 2008, Ambio.

[131]  Erik Cohen,et al.  The impact of tourism on the physical environment , 1978 .

[132]  D. Kgathi,et al.  Tourists’ perceptions and their willingness to pay for park fees: A case study of self-drive tourists and clients for mobile tour operators in Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana , 2007 .

[133]  A. Velando,et al.  Disturbance to a foraging seabird by sea-based tourism: Implications for reserve management in marine protected areas , 2011 .

[134]  Tong-zuo Zhang,et al.  Road proximity and traffic flow perceived as potential predation risks: evidence from the Tibetan antelope in the Kekexili National Nature Reserve, China , 2011 .

[135]  George Hughes,et al.  The cultural construction of sustainable tourism , 1995 .

[136]  Vincent May,et al.  Tourism, environment and development: Values, sustainability and stewardship , 1991 .

[137]  G. Visser.  Sustainable tourism in southern Africa: local communities and natural resources in transition , 2011 .

[138]  P. Ding,et al.  Research on environmental impacts of tourism in China: progress and prospect. , 2011, Journal of environmental management.

[139]  Chia-Pin Yu,et al.  Measuring Residents’ Attitudes toward Sustainable Tourism: A Reexamination of the Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale , 2011 .

[140]  Hyungsuk Choo.  Marketing Innovations for Sustainable Destinations, Alan Fyal, Metin Kozak, Luisa Andreu, Juergen Gnoth, Sonja Sibila Lebe (Eds.). Goodfellow Publishing, Oxford (2009), 334, ISBN: 978-1-906884-05-5 , 2011 .

[141]  Ralf Buckley,et al.  Evaluating the net effects of ecotourism on the environment: a framework, first assessment and future research , 2009 .

[142]  M. Mycoo.  Sustainable Tourism Using Regulations, Market Mechanisms and Green Certification: A Case Study of Barbados , 2006 .

[143]  Zhenhua Liu,et al.  Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique , 2003 .

[144]  K. Brandon,et al.  The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods , 2005 .

[145]  C. Hall,et al.  Changing Paradigms and Global Change: From Sustainable to Steady-state Tourism , 2010 .

[146]  B. Garrod,et al.  Beyond the rhetoric of sustainable tourism , 1998 .

[147]  Steven M. Thur.  User fees as sustainable financing mechanisms for marine protected areas: An application to the Bonaire National Marine Park , 2010 .

[148]  David Bowen,et al.  Not quite paradise: Inadequacies of environmental impact assessment in the Maldives , 2011 .

[149]  J. Mbaiwa,et al.  The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana , 2010 .

[150]  S. Cole,et al.  Information and Empowerment: The Keys to Achieving Sustainable Tourism , 2006 .

[151]  J. Abbott,et al.  Hospitality and Tourism Research Rankings by Author, University, and Country Using Six Major Journals , 2011 .

[152]  Paul Peeters,et al.  Voluntary Carbon Offsetting Schemes for Aviation: Efficiency, Credibility and Sustainable Tourism , 2007 .

[153]  Fevzi Okumus,et al.  Politics and sustainable tourism development - can they co-exist? Voices from North Cyprus. , 2010 .

[154]  D. Weaver.  Indigenous tourism stages and their implications for sustainability , 2010 .

[155]  Javier Núñez.  Can self regulation work?: a story of corruption, impunity and cover-up , 2007 .

[156]  M. Attrill,et al.  Privately Managed Marine Reserves as a Mechanism for the Conservation of Coral Reef Ecosystems: A Case Study from Vietnam , 2009, Ambio.

[157]  Kirsten Holmes,et al.  Public understanding of sustainable tourism , 2010 .

[158]  Dimitri Ioannides,et al.  A flawed implementation of sustainable tourism: the experience of Akamas, Cyprus , 1995 .

[159]  I. Côté,et al.  Charging for Nature: Marine Park Fees and Management from a User Perspective , 2010, AMBIO.

[160]  T. Ko,et al.  Development of a tourism sustainability assessment procedure: a conceptual approach , 2005 .

[161]  W. Norman,et al.  Tourism organizations and land trusts: a sustainable approach to natural resource conservation? , 2011 .

[162]  F. Alpízar.  The pricing of protected areas in nature-based tourism: A local perspective , 2006 .

[163]  Mark Holmes,et al.  Does the tourist care? A comparison of tourists in Koh Phi Phi, Thailand and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia , 2010 .

[164]  Moheb A. Ghali.  Tourism and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study , 1976, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[165]  R. Buckley.  Testing take-up of academic concepts in an influential commercial tourism publication. , 2008 .

[166]  P. Andersen,et al.  The diffusion of environmental sustainability innovations in North American hotels and ski resorts , 2011 .

[167]  20 Answers: reconciling air travel and climate change. , 2011 .

[168]  B. Kaltenborn,et al.  The Public Right of Access – Some Challenges to Sustainable Tourism Development in Scandinavia , 2001 .

[169]  S. Spilerman,et al.  Societal Responses to Terrorist Attacks , 2009 .

[170]  Richard Butler,et al.  A segmentation analysis of resident attitudes to the social impact of tourism , 1981 .

[171]  John Swarbrooke,et al.  Sustainable Tourism Management , 1999 .

[172]  Eleri Jones,et al.  Community-based Tourism Enterprises Development in Kenya: An Exploration of Their Potential as Avenues of Poverty Reduction , 2007 .

[173]  D. Macdonald,et al.  Community, lions, livestock and money: A spatial and social analysis of attitudes to wildlife and the conservation value of tourism in a human–carnivore conflict in Botswana , 2009 .

[174]  L. Puczkó,et al.  Tourist and Resident Perceptions of the Physical Impacts of Tourism at Lake Balaton, Hungary: Issues for Sustainable Tourism Management , 2000 .

[175]  Judith Mair,et al.  The development of a conceptual model of greening in the business events tourism sector , 2010 .

[176]  N. Hritz,et al.  Investigating the Sustainability of Cruise Tourism: A Case Study of Key West , 2008 .

[177]  Adrian Cashman,et al.  Water use efficiency in the hotel sector of Barbados , 2011 .

[178]  John Ash,et al.  The golden hordes: International tourism and the pleasure periphery , 1975 .

[179]  Renato Casagrandi,et al.  A theoretical approach to tourism sustainability , 2002 .

[180]  Javier Rey-Maquieira,et al.  A dynamic approach to voluntary environmental contributions in tourism , 2009 .

[181]  S. Moore,et al.  Wildlife tourism as a common pool resource issue: enabling conditions for sustainability governance , 2010 .

[182]  A. Cunha.  Negative effects of tourism in a Brazilian Atlantic forest National Park. , 2010 .

[183]  R. Buckley.  International Trade, Investment and Environment , 1994 .

[184]  Georgina Santos,et al.  Using Economic Instruments to Address Emissions from Air Transport in the European Union , 2008 .

[185]  S. Gössling,et al.  Implementing carbon neutral destination policies: issues from the Seychelles , 2010 .

[186]  A. Clevenger,et al.  Effects of Road Networks on Bird Populations , 2011, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[187]  T. Var,et al.  International Institute for Peace Through Tourism , 1995 .

[188]  R. Buckley.  Tourism and environment , 2011 .

[189]  Peter Fredman,et al.  Current Tourism Patterns in the Swedish Mountain Region , 2002 .

[190]  Richard Butler,et al.  Tourism, Environment, and Sustainable Development , 1991, Environmental Conservation.

[191]  S. Mccool,et al.  Managing Access to Wildlands for Recreation in the USA: Background and Issues Relevant to Sustaining Tourism , 2001 .

[192]  Ayda Eraydin,et al.  Environmental governance for sustainable tourism development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region , 2010 .

[193]  Ralf Buckley,et al.  Scientific quality of tourism environmental impact assessment , 1998 .

[194]  R. Ballantyne,et al.  Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism: Implications for the design of powerful interpretive experiences , 2011 .

[195]  W. Durham,et al.  Ecotourism and conservation in the Americas , 2008 .

[196]  R. Buckley.  Sustainable Tourism in Southern Africa: Local Communities and Natural Resources in Transition , 2010 .

[197]  L. Kriwoken,et al.  Community involvement in tourism infrastructure—the case of the Strahan Visitor Centre, Tasmania , 2003 .

[198]  R. Buckley.  Tools and Indicators for Managing Tourism in Parks , 1999 .

[199]  J. Saarinen,et al.  TRADITIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY IN TOURISM STUDIES , 2006 .

[200]  R. Buckley.  An Ecological Perspective on Carrying Capacity , 1999 .

[201]  Ecotourism in Scandinavia: Lessons in Theory and Practice , 2006 .

[202]  J. Ceron,et al.  Tourism and Climate Change: Proposals for a Research Agenda , 2006 .

[203]  B. Farrell,et al.  Tourism and physical environment research , 1987 .

[204]  R. Buckley.  Sustainable Tourism: Technical Issues and Information Needs , 1996 .

[205]  R. Llorca‐Vivero.  TERRORISM AND INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: NEW EVIDENCE , 2008 .

[206]  A. Stronza,et al.  Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives , 2001 .

[207]  Juanita C. Liu,et al.  Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawaii , 1986 .

[208]  H. Choi,et al.  Resident attitudes toward sustainable community tourism , 2010 .

[209]  O. Akyeampong.  Pro-poor tourism: residents' expectations, experiences and perceptions in the Kakum National Park Area of Ghana , 2011 .

[210]  Mike Robinson,et al.  Collaboration and Cultural Consent: Refocusing Sustainable Tourism , 1999 .

[211]  R. Buckley,et al.  Climate Response by the Ski Industry: The Shortcomings of Snowmaking for Australian Resorts , 2010, AMBIO.