How the on-going conflict in Ukraine is impacting cardiovascular health?

Following the outbreak of war in Ukraine on 24 February 2022, we are witnessing a con fl ict that has led to many civilian, military, and volun-teer civil defence force casualties. Those civilians living in a theatre of war are directly exposed to combat-attributable trauma and risks from explosive ordnance. The United Nations Of fi ce for the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR) reported that by 4th September, there had been 13 917 con fi rmed casualties in the non-combatant civilian population with 5718 deaths 1 ; these fi gures are likely to be signi fi cant underestimates. It is believed that ∼ 18 million people have been directly impacted by the hostilities with more than 8 million internally displaced. Given the widespread destruction of housing and civil infrastructure, including the disconnection of basic utilities, initial activity to aid those affected has focused on ensuring safe shelter with humanitarian support in the form of clean water, nu-trition, sanitation, and clothing. Medical services have as