MORPHOGENESIS AND PATTERN FORMATION IN HYDROIDS

(I) An outline of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. The axial pattern in Hydra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) The formation of the hypostome and the regeneration of distal structures (3) The formation of the basal disk . . . . . . . . (4) Polarity and the establishment and maintenance of the axial gradients . ( 5 ) The initiation and individuation of the bud . . . . . . IV. The individuation of the hydranth of Tubularia . . . . . . . (I) General principles . . . . . . . . . . . V. Theoretical models for the formation and regulation of axial patterns . (2) ‘Positional information’ models . . . . . . . . (3) Inhibition and induction models VI. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[1]  Ethel Nicholson Browne,et al.  The production of new hydranths in Hydra by the insertion of small grafts , 1909 .

[2]  H W Rand,et al.  Localization of Formative Agencies in Hydra. , 1926, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  B. R. Weimer.  The Physiological Gradients in Hydra I. Reconstitution and Budding in Relation to Length of Piece and Body Level in Pelmatohydra oligactis , 1928, Physiological Zoology.

[4]  C. M. Child.  Experimental Modification of the Scale of Organization in the Reconstitution of Tubularia , 1931, Physiological Zoology.

[5]  L. G. Barth.  The Direction and Magnitude of Potential Differences in Certain Hydroids , 1934, Physiological Zoology.

[6]  L. G. Barth.  The Effect of Constant Electric Current on the Regeneration of Certain Hydroids , 1934, Physiological Zoology.

[7]  C. M. Child,et al.  Observations and Experiments on Developmental Pattern in Pelmatohydra oligactis , 1937, Physiological Zoology.

[8]  SVEN HORSTADIUS,et al.  THE MECHANICS OF SEA URCHIN DEVELOPMENT, STUDIED BY OPERATIVE METHODS , 1939 .

[9]  V. Wigglesworth,et al.  Local and General Factors in the Development of "Pattern" in Rhodnius Prolixus (Hemiptera) , 1940 .

[10]  L. G. Barth.  THE PROCESS OF REGENERATION IN HYDROIDS , 1940 .

[11]  C. M. Child.  Patterns and problems of development [by] C.M. Child ... , 1941 .

[12]  H. Li,et al.  Studies on the Organizer Problem in Pelmatohydra Oligactis : III. Bud Induction by Developing Hypostome , 1945 .

[13]  T. Yao.  Studies on the Organizer Problem in Pelmatohydra Oligactis : I. The Induction Potency of the Implants and the Nature of the Induced Hydranth , 1945 .

[14]  S. Spiegelman,et al.  Physiological Competition as a Regulatory Mechanism in Morphogenesis , 1945, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[15]  N. Berrill,et al.  Regeneration of primordia and developing hydranths of Tubularia. , 1948, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[16]  S. Rose,et al.  A Hierarchy of Self-Limiting Reactions as the Basis of Cellular Differentiation and Growth Control , 1952, The American Naturalist.

[17]  S. Rose.  SPECIFIC INHIBITION DURING DIFFERENTIATION , 1955, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[18]  S. Meryl Rose,et al.  ULAR INTERACTION DURING DIFFERENTIATION , 1957 .

[19]  Polarized inhibitory effects during regeneration in tubularia , 1957 .

[20]  A. Burnett,et al.  Histophysiology of growth in hydra. , 1959, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[21]  R. L. Wood.  Intercellular Attachment in the Epithelium of Hydra As Revealed by Electron Microscopy , 1959, The Journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology.

[22]  C. S. Thornton.  Influence of an eccentric epidermal cap on limb regeneration in Amblystoma larvae. , 1960, Developmental biology.

[23]  D. Spangenberg,et al.  A study of variation in the regeneration capacity of Hydra. , 1961, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[24]  A. Burnett.  The growth process in hydra , 1961 .

[25]  C. M. Thompson,et al.  Bioelectric potentials in relation to movement in amoebae , 1962 .

[26]  K C SONDHI,et al.  The Biological Foundations of Animal Patterns , 1963, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[27]  S. Rose.  Polarized control of regional structure in Tubularia , 1963 .

[28]  P. Tardent.  REGENERATION IN THE HYDROZOA , 1963 .

[29]  G. Lesh,et al.  Some Biological and Biochemical Properties of the Polarizing Factor in Hydra , 1964, Nature.

[30]  J. M. Oppenmeimer.  Questions posed by classical descriptive and experimental embryology , 1965 .

[31]  T. Lentz.  Hydra: Induction of Supernumerary Heads by Isolated Neurosecretory Granules , 1965, Science.

[32]  S. Shostak,et al.  The role of mesoglea in mass cell movement in Hydra. , 1965, Developmental biology.

[33]  G. Lesh,et al.  An analysis of the chemical control of polarized form in hydra. , 1966, The Journal of experimental zoology.

[34]  W. Loewenstein,et al.  PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS * , 1966, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[35]  A. Burnett.  A Model of Growth and Cell Differentiation in Hydra , 1966, The American Naturalist.

[36]  H. Ursprung.  The Formation of Patterns in Development , 1966 .

[37]  S. Shostak,et al.  Migration of Epithelio-muscular Cells in Hydra , 1966, Nature.

[38]  C. Waddington.  Fields and Gradients , 1966 .

[39]  L. Davis.  Inhibition of Growth and Regeneration in Hydra by Crowded Culture Water , 1966, Nature.

[40]  A. Leopold,et al.  Mathematical model of polar auxin transport. , 1966, Plant physiology.

[41]  D. Anderson.  The Comparative Embryology of the Polychaeta , 1966 .

[42]  L. Wolpert,et al.  Studies on pattern regulation in hydra. I. Regional differences in time required for hypostome determination. , 1966, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[43]  J. Trinkaus.  Morphogenetic Cell Movements , 1966 .

[44]  M. Goldsmith,et al.  Separation of Transit of Auxin from Uptake: Average Velocity and Reversible Inhibition by Anaerobic Conditions , 1967, Science.

[45]  W. Loewenstein,et al.  On the genesis of cellular communication. , 1967, Developmental biology.

[46]  G. Webster.  Studies on pattern regulation in Hydra. IV. The effect of colcemide and puromycin on polarity and regulation. , 1967, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[47]  T. Gustafson,et al.  CELLULAR MOVEMENT AND CONTACT IN SEA URCHIN MORPHOGENESIS , 1967, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[48]  S. Rose.  Polarized inhibitory control of regional differentiation during regeneration in Tubularia. 3. The effects of grafts across sea water-agar bridges in electric fields. , 1967, Growth.

[49]  R. D. Campbell,et al.  Tissue dynamics of steady state growth in Hydra littoralis. I. Patterns of cell division. , 1967, Developmental biology.

[50]  S. Rose.  The aging of the system for the transmission of information controlling differentiation. , 1967, Journal of gerontology.

[51]  L. Davis.  The Source and identity of a regeneration‐inhibiting factor in hydroid polyps , 1967 .

[52]  S. Shostak,et al.  Morphogenetic movements during budding in Hydra. , 1967, Developmental biology.

[53]  R. D. Campbell.  Tissue dynamics of steady state growth in Hydra littoralis. II. Patterns of tissue movement , 1967, Journal of morphology.

[54]  R. D. Campbell.  Tissue dynamics of steady state growth in hydra littoralis. III. Behavior of specific cell types during tissue movements , 1967 .

[55]  L. Wolpert,et al.  Bud Morphogenesis in Hydra , 1967, Nature.

[56]  Rose Sm.  Polarized inhibitory control of regional differentiation during regeneration in Tubularia. 3. The effects of grafts across sea water-agar bridges in electric fields. , 1967 .

[57]  A. Curtis.  The cell surface : its molecular role in morphogenesis , 1967 .

[58]  R. D. Campbell.  Growth Pattern of Hydra: Distribution of Mitotic Cells in H. pseudoligactis , 1967 .

[59]  Werner R. Loewenstein,et al.  Intercellular communication and tissue growth. II. Tissue regeneration. , 1967 .

[60]  A. Burnett,et al.  Observations on the discovery of a dorso-ventral axis in Hydra. , 1967, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[61]  S. Shostak.  Growth in Hydra viridis , 1968 .

[62]  F. Kafatos,et al.  Hydra viridis: Inhibition by the Basal Disk of Basal Disk Differentiation , 1968, Science.

[63]  L. Jaffe,et al.  Localization in the developing Fucus egg and the general role of localizing currents. , 1968, Advances in morphogenesis.

[64]  W. Loewenstein,et al.  STRUCTURE OF COUPLED AND UNCOUPLED CELL JUNCTIONS , 1968, The Journal of cell biology.

[65]  S. Shostak,et al.  Budding in Hydra viridis , 1968 .

[66]  L. Wolpert.  Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation. , 1969, Journal of theoretical biology.

[67]  H. Brøndsted.  BIOPHYSICS AND PLANARIAN REGENERATION , 1969 .

[68]  H. Lenhoff,et al.  Anomalies of growth and form in hydra: polarity, gradients, and a neoplasia analog. , 1969, National Cancer Institute monograph.

[69]  S. Clarkson.  Nucleic acid and protein synthesis and pattern regulation in hydra. II. Effect of inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis on hypostome formation. , 1969, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[70]  R. Josephson,et al.  Electrical Properties of the Body Wall of Hydra , 1969, The Journal of general physiology.

[71]  L. Wolpert,et al.  Inhibition of Hypostome Formation and Polarity Reversal in Hydra , 1969, Nature.

[72]  B. Goodwin,et al.  A phase-shift model for the spatial and temporal organization of developing systems. , 1969, Journal of theoretical biology.

[73]  A. Burnett,et al.  Morphogenesis in hydra. I. Peduncle and basal disc formation at the distal end of regenerating hydra after exposure to colchicine. , 1969, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[74]  S. Clarkson.  Nucleic acid and protein synthesis and pattern regulation in hydra. I. Regional patterns of synthesis and changes in synthesis during hypostome formation. , 1969, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[75]  O K Wilby,et al.  Experimental studies on axial polarity in hydra. , 1970, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[76]  Peter A. Lawrence,et al.  Polarity and Patterns in the Postembryonic Development of Insects , 1970 .

[77]  F. Crick.  Diffusion in Embryogenesis , 1970, Nature.

[78]  S. Rose.  Restoration of regenerative ability in ligated stems of Tubularia in an electric field. , 1970, The Biological bulletin.

[79]  A. Burnett,et al.  Morphogenesis in hydra. II. Peduncle and basal disc formation at the distal end of regnerating hydra after exposure to low temperatures. , 1970, Journal of embryology and experimental morphology.

[80]  L. Wolpert,et al.  Positional information and pattern regulation in regeneration of hydra. , 1971, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology.

[81]  M. Macklin.  The absence of electrically demonstrable polarizing factors in Hydra , 1971, Journal of cellular physiology.

[82]  E. Zwilling.  Limb morphogenesis. , 1972, Developmental biology.