Semi-implicit scheme for treating radiation under M1 closure in general relativistic conservative fluid dynamics codes

A numerical scheme is described for including radiation in multi-dimensional generalrelativistic conservative fluid dynamics codes. In this met hod, a covariant form of the M1 closure scheme is used to close the radiation moments, and the radiative source terms are treated semi-implicitly in order to handle both optically t hin and optically thick regimes. The scheme has been implemented in a conservative general relativistic radiation hydrodynamics codeKORAL. The robustness of the code is demonstrated on a number of test problems, including radiative relativistic shock tubes, static radiation p ressure supported atmosphere, shadows, beams of light in curved spacetime, and radiative Bondi accretion. The advantages of M1 closure relative to other approaches such as Eddington closure and flux-limited di ffusion are discussed, and its limitations are also highlighted.

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