The Effect of the Texture of Two Energy Bars on the Oral Processing of Cyclists: An Exploratory Study

In cycling, a wide range of ergogenic foods with a variety of flavours, shapes, and textures are available. The timing of their consumption and their correct oral processing can influence the performance of athletes. Furthermore, the differences in the texture of energy bars could result in differences in the chewing required. Nonetheless, research in this area is still scarce. The aim of this study was to analyse how the consumption of two energy bars with different textures (viscous versus hard) influenced the variables of oral processing, pedalling intensity, and the perception of satisfaction among cyclists. Ten cyclists performed two 15 min sections on a cycle ergometer at a moderate intensity (120–130 W) and consumed one of the two energy bars at random in each of the sections. The results showed that a shorter chewing duration and a fewer number of chews were required to consume the softer bar (p < 0.05, ES > 0.7). However, no differences among the cyclists were observed in the intensity of pedalling or perception of satisfaction. Nevertheless, participants were able to distinguish between the two different textures while pedalling. In conclusion, the texture of energy bars altered the oral processing of cyclists but did not affect pedalling intensity or perception of satisfaction.

[1]  G. Wallis,et al.  New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes , 2022, Sports medicine.

[2]  S. Galloway,et al.  Carbohydrate Intake Practices and Determinants of Food Choices During Training in Recreational, Amateur, and Professional Endurance Athletes: A Survey Analysis , 2022, Frontiers in Nutrition.

[3]  T. Clifford,et al.  A Food First Approach to Carbohydrate Supplementation in Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review. , 2022, International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism.

[4]  A. Khairi,et al.  Analysis of organoleptic properties and consumer acceptance of frozen noodle products , 2022, Journal of Halal Science and Research.

[5]  W. Bertucci,et al.  Acute effects of small changes in antero-posterior shoe-cleat position on physiological and biomechanical variables in road cycling , 2022, Sports biomechanics.

[6]  L. Cosio-Lima,et al.  Nutrition in Cycling. , 2022, Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America.

[7]  J. Blundell,et al.  Food texture influences on satiety: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2020, Scientific Reports.

[8]  Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez,et al.  Nutrition-Related Adverse Outcomes in Endurance Sports Competitions: A Review of Incidence and Practical Recommendations , 2020, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[9]  Teun van Erp,et al.  Case Report: Load, Intensity, and Performance Characteristics in Multiple Grand Tours. , 2020, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[10]  P. Pérez-Soriano,et al.  Impact of texture TDS and flavour TDS tasks and of chocolate-chip biscuit characteristics on oral processing features , 2019, Food Quality and Preference.

[11]  P. Wilson ‘I think I’m gonna hurl’: A Narrative Review of the Causes of Nausea and Vomiting in Sport , 2019, Sports.

[12]  Katsuyoshi Nishinari,et al.  Human oral processing and texture profile analysis parameters: Bridging the gap between the sensory evaluation and the instrumental measurements. , 2019, Journal of texture studies.

[13]  V. Scheer Participation Trends of Ultra Endurance Events , 2019, Sports medicine and arthroscopy review.

[14]  Andrew M. Jones,et al.  Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers. , 2019, International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism.

[15]  R. Kreider,et al.  ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations , 2018, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

[16]  C. Salles,et al.  Food oral processing in humans: links between physiological parameters, release of flavour stimuli and flavour perception of food , 2018 .

[17]  J. Fell,et al.  Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Metabolism during Exercise: Implications for Endurance Performance and Training Adaptations , 2018, Nutrients.

[18]  Brent A Fulks,et al.  Relationships between chewing rate, occlusion, cephalometric anatomy, muscle activity, and masticatory performance. , 2017, Archives of oral biology.

[19]  A. van der Bilt,et al.  The influence of food consistency on chewing rate and muscular work. , 2017, Archives of oral biology.

[20]  D. Rowlands,et al.  Multiple-Transportable Carbohydrate Effect on Long-Distance Triathlon Performance , 2017, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[21]  E. Foegeding,et al.  Designing foods for satiety: The roles of food structure and oral processing in satiation and satiety , 2017 .

[22]  D. Rowlands,et al.  Solid, Gel, and Liquid Carbohydrate Format Effects on Gut Comfort and Performance. , 2017, International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism.

[23]  C. Loret,et al.  Adaptation of mastication mechanics and eating behaviour to small differences in food texture , 2016, Physiology & Behavior.

[24]  L. Burke,et al.  Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. , 2016, Canadian journal of dietetic practice and research : a publication of Dietitians of Canada = Revue canadienne de la pratique et de la recherche en dietetique : une publication des Dietetistes du Canada.

[25]  A. Kilding,et al.  Oral Presence of Carbohydrate and Caffeine in Chewing Gum: Independent and Combined Effects on Endurance Cycling Performance. , 2016, International journal of sports physiology and performance.

[26]  Roy Taylor,et al.  Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists. , 2015, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[27]  M. Hetherington,et al.  Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: A systematic review and meta-analysis , 2015, Physiology & Behavior.

[28]  Catriona M. Steele,et al.  The Influence of Food Texture and Liquid Consistency Modification on Swallowing Physiology and Function: A Systematic Review , 2014, Dysphagia.

[29]  A. Jeukendrup,et al.  Gastrointestinal Complaints During Exercise: Prevalence, Etiology, and Nutritional Recommendations , 2014, Sports Medicine.

[30]  T. Stellingwerff,et al.  Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations. , 2014, Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme.

[31]  G. Essick,et al.  Adaptation of Oral Processing to the Fracture Properties of Soft Solids , 2014 .

[32]  Alejandro Lucia,et al.  The Tour de France: an updated physiological review. , 2012, International journal of sports physiology and performance.

[33]  Asker E Jeukendrup,et al.  Nutritional intake and gastrointestinal problems during competitive endurance events. , 2012, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[34]  B. Knechtle,et al.  Participation and performance trends in ultra‐triathlons from 1985 to 2009 , 2011, Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports.

[35]  Kylie D. Foster,et al.  The role of oral processing in dynamic sensory perception. , 2011, Journal of food science.

[36]  A. Jeukendrup,et al.  Carbohydrates for training and competition , 2011, Journal of sports sciences.

[37]  Asker E Jeukendrup,et al.  Nutrition for endurance sports: Marathon, triathlon, and road cycling , 2011, Journal of sports sciences.

[38]  E. Erdfelder,et al.  Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses , 2009, Behavior research methods.

[39]  Erin M Wilson,et al.  The development of jaw motion for mastication. , 2009, Early human development.

[40]  E A Foegeding,et al.  Invited review: Sensory and mechanical properties of cheese texture. , 2007, Journal of dairy science.

[41]  T. Stellingwerff,et al.  Carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged cycling exercise spares muscle glycogen but does not affect intramyocellular lipid use , 2007, Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology.

[42]  A. Jeukendrup,et al.  Metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise in males and females. , 2006, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[43]  A. van der Bilt,et al.  The influence of product and oral characteristics on swallowing. , 2005, Archives of oral biology.

[44]  Alejandro Lucia,et al.  Tour de France versus Vuelta a España: which is harder? , 2003, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[45]  Lars Nybo,et al.  CNS fatigue and prolonged exercise: effect of glucose supplementation. , 2003, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[46]  M. Tarnopolsky Gender differences in metabolism; nutrition and supplements. , 2000, Journal of science and medicine in sport.

[47]  Marie-Agnès Peyron,et al.  Masticatory jaw movement recordings: A new method to investigate food texture , 1996 .

[48]  K. Takada,et al.  The effects of food consistency on jaw movement and posterior temporalis and inferior orbicularis oris muscle activities during chewing in children. , 1994, Archives of oral biology.

[49]  W. Saris,et al.  Gastrointestinal complaints in relation to dietary intake in triathletes. , 1992, International journal of sport nutrition.

[50]  P. Lillford,et al.  THE PERCEPTION OF FOOD TEXTURE ‐ THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE BREAKDOWN PATH , 1988 .

[51]  E. Coyle,et al.  Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion. , 1987, Journal of applied physiology.

[52]  E. Coyle,et al.  Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise can delay fatigue. , 1983, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[53]  A. Szczesniak Objective Measurements of Food Texture , 1963 .

[54]  Matthew R Gammons,et al.  Sports-related Fractures, Dislocations and Trauma: Advanced On- and Off-field Management , 2020 .

[55]  C. Preoteasa,et al.  Masticatory function parameters in patients with removable dental prosthesis , 2019, Journal of medicine and life.

[56]  T. Ueda,et al.  Influence of chewing time on salivary stress markers. , 2014, Journal of prosthodontic research.

[57]  Peter Hespel,et al.  PASSCLAIM – Physical performance and fitness , 2003, European journal of nutrition.

[58]  K R Westerterp,et al.  Study on Food Intake and Energy Expenditure During Extreme Sustained Exercise: The Tour de France , 1989, International journal of sports medicine.

[59]  G. Borg Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. , 1982, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.